海拉尔盆地乌9井煤含水热模拟生烃实验研究

通过对海拉尔盆地乌 9井煤进行含水热模拟实验 ,结果反映出煤在早期阶段产气率较小 ,且以生成非烃气为主 ,35 0℃后产气率明显增大 ,随模拟温度的增加烃类气体的组分碳同位素序列由正碳序列变为同位素序列倒转 ,说明了温度对天然气的组分碳同位素序列有影响。热模拟煤中可溶有机质表现出低饱和烃和高非烃、沥青质的特点 ,色谱上具有较高的Pr/Ph。煤具有两次生油高峰 :即未熟 低熟油生油高峰 ,对应Ro =0 5 % ,产油率为 0 .85 % ;第二次生油高峰Ro为 0 .85 % ,产油率 0 .93%。煤显微组分组成特征决定了煤的生油特征。     

Exergy and ecological modelling of lake environment

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氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定海水中痕量铅

以过硫酸铵为氧化剂将Ｐｂ氧化成亚稳四价态，与ＫＢＨ４作用生成ＰｂＨ４，应用氢化物发生原子荧光法测定海水中痕量Ｐｂ。本法灵敏度较高，检测限为０．６３μｇ／Ｌ；其回收率在９０％～１０５％之间；变异系数为２．１％～４２％。     

Using Demographic Invariants to Detect Overharvested Bird Populations from Incomplete Data

Abstract:  Conservation biology must be able to provide guidelines even when available data are incomplete, because data on rare and endangered species are usually limited. For instance, data on the effect of additional—human-induced—sources of mortality on vertebrate populations, such as bycatch of seabirds by longline fisheries, are typically incomplete. The importance of an additional source of mortality can be evaluated by comparing it with the maximum annual growth rate of the species of concern, and various authors have attempted to determine the maximum growth rate from incomplete data. We developed a procedure we call the "demographic invariant method" (DIM). First we determined that the maximum growth rate per generation does not vary, by recalling that it is a dimensionless number primarily independent of body weight and also by empirically establishing its near constancy over a restricted set of bird species for which reliable demographic information was available. This first step provided an implicit function linking generation time and maximum annual growth rate, from which we obtained the maximum annual growth rate as a simple function of generation time. From several different ways of obtaining estimates of generation time, we derived in turn several ways to estimate the maximum annual growth rate of a bird species from incomplete demographic data set. We applied our approach to the Black-footed Albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) and determined from incomplete data that longline fishery bycatch has a biologically significant impact on the growth potential of Black-footed Albatross populations. Our method can be applied broadly to the conservation and management of harvested bird populations.     

Grafting increases cadmium accumulation in the post-grafting generations of the potential cadmium-hyperaccumulator Solanum photeinocarpum

ABSTRACT

To determine whether grafting increases cadmium (Cd) accumulation in the post-grafting generation of hyperaccumulator plants, the effects of grafting on Cd accumulation characteristics of post-grafting generations of a potential Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum photeinocarpum were evaluated in pot and field experiments. The following four grafting combinations were examined: ungrafted (UG), self-rooted grafting involving one S. photeinocarpum seedling (SG), self-rooted grafting involving two S. photeinocarpum seedling developmental stages (DG), and grafting on wild potato rootstock (PG). Grafting did not induce genetic changes in S. photeinocarpum, and increased the shoot biomass and the amount of Cd extracted by the shoots of the first, second, and third generations of S. photeinocarpum (PG > DG > SG > UG). Additionally, enhanced superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities and increased soluble protein contents of the first post-grafting generation were observed for the DG and PG, whereas only enhanced superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities were observed for the SG. Grafting increased the DNA methylation levels by inducing hypermethylation in the first post-grafting generation (PG > DG > SG > UG). Therefore, grafting can enhance the Cd accumulation (phytoremediation) ability of post-grafting generations of S. photeinocarpum by enhancing DNA methylation levels, especially when wild potato rootstock is used.     

Collaborating to Conserve Large Mammals in Southeast Asia

Abstract:  Depressed mammal densities characterize the interior of many Southeast Asian protected areas, and are the result of commercial and subsistence hunting. Local people are part of this problem but can participate in solutions through improved partnerships that incorporate local knowledge into problem diagnosis. The process of involving local people helps build a constituency that is more aware of its role (positive and negative) in a protected area and generates site-specific conservation assessments for management planning. We illustrate the practical details of initiating such a partnership through our work in a Thai wildlife sanctuary. Many protected areas in Southeast Asia present similar opportunities. In local workshops, village woodsmen were led through ranking exercises to develop a spatially explicit picture of 20-year trends in the abundance of 31 mammal species and to compare species-specific causes for declines. Within five taxonomic groups, leaf monkeys (primates), porcupines (rodents), tigers (large carnivores), civets (small carnivores), and elephants (ungulates) had declined most severely (37–74%). Commercial hunting contributed heavily to extensive population declines for most species, and subsistence hunting was locally significant for some small carnivores, leaf monkeys, and deer. Workshops thus clarified which species were at highest risk of local extinction, where the most threatened populations were, and causes for these patterns. Most important, they advanced a shared problem definition, thereby unlocking opportunities for collaboration. As a result, local people and sanctuary managers have increased communication, initiated joint monitoring and patrolling, and established wildlife recovery zones. Using local knowledge has limitations, but the process of engaging local people promotes collaborative action that large mammals in Southeast Asia need.     

Use of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Marine Conservation

Abstract:  Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) represents multiple bodies of knowledge accumulated through many generations of close interactions between people and the natural world. TEK and its application via customary ecological management plans can be useful in modern conservation programs. I disaggregate the term TEK into its constituent parts and show several ways in which TEK can strengthen research designs by increasing locality-specific knowledge, including environmental linkages occurring in those localities. Examples of the uses of TEK in conservation include folk taxonomy in systematics in Micronesia, species knowledge for conservation in Kiribati, and fishers' knowledge of ecological interactions for reserve design in Belize. When conservationists recognize the utility of TEK, they can engage in an equitable exchange of knowledge and foster shared responsibility with indigenous people. These types of exchanges can also provide an opportunity for indigenous people to develop a scientific infrastructure.     

Bush Tucker, Bush Pets, and Bush Threats: Cooperative Management of Feral Animals in Australia's Kakadu National Park

Abstract:  Although feral animal management is often based on the proposition that introduced species threaten ecological and conservation values, that view is not necessarily shared by all stakeholders, including those indigenous people who own and co-manage Kakadu National Park with Australia's federal government. Drawing on field-based interviews with the Jawoyn people, we found that these indigenous people categorize water buffalo (  Bubalus bubalis ) as an important food source (tucker), view horses (  Equus caballus ) as bush pets, and consider pigs (  Sus scrofa ) a threat to their lands. As a result, Jawoyn people want more water buffalo in the park, have high tolerance of environmental damage caused by horses, and are open to the idea that pig population densities should be reduced. Jawoyn also advocate an adaptive and participatory approach to feral animal control so that the consequences of any management actions can be properly understood before irrevocable change occurs. These findings highlight one example of how indigenous people's ecological knowledge has adapted in response to changing landscapes and community aspirations. Co-management strategies that aim to incorporate the dynamics of indigenous people's views need to start with issues on which there is agreement between different groups and take a cautious approach to joint exploration of more contentious issues. That approach should include ongoing and on-site monitoring so that the consequences of management actions can be properly understood and comprehensively negotiated by all parties.     

平原河网地区地表水环境保护功能区划分的研究

从地表水环境保护功能区划分工作的实践出发 ,针对复杂的水文、水质条件 ,探讨平原河网地区地表水环境保护功能区划分的工作方法和实现区划目标的对策措施。     

我国工业危险废物产生特性研究

工业生产是危险废物的主要来源,工业危险废物是世界各国固体废物管理的重要方面.以我国历年环境统计数据为基础,全面分析了我国工业危险废物产生现状和特点.研究了工业危险废物产生量、利用量和处置量、工业危险废物区域和行业分布特点、工业危险废物与工业固体废物的关系、工业危险废物产生量与工业产值的关系及工业危险废物产生的变化趋势等.提出今后我国既要重视对传统的石油化工、化学工业和冶金工业等行业产生的危险废物管理,又要重视对高新技术产业和西部资源省份产生工业危险废物的管理.