EVALUATION OF THE SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER WITHDRAWALS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1995 TO 20251

To evaluate the long term sustainability of water withdrawals in the United States, a county level analysis of the availability of renewable water resources was conducted, and the magnitudes of human withdrawals from surface water and ground water sources and the stored water requirements during the warmest months of the year were evaluated. Estimates of growth in population and electricity generation were then used to estimate the change in withdrawals assuming that the rates of water use either remain at their current levels (the business as usual scenario) or that they exhibit improvements in efficiency at the same rate as observed over 1975 to 1995 (the improved efficiency scenario). The estimates show several areas, notably the Southwest and major metropolitan areas throughout the United States, as being likely to have significant new storage requirements with the business‐as‐usual scenario, under the condition of average water availability. These new requirements could be substantially eliminated under the improved efficiency scenario, thus indicating the importance of water use efficiency in meeting future requirements. The national assessment identified regions of potential water sustainability concern; these regions can be the subject of more targeted data collection and analyses in the future.     

Participatory Approach for Rapid Assessment of Plant Diversity through a Folk Classification System in a Tropical Rainforest: Case Study in Xishuangbanna, China

Abstract:  Rural indigenous people are often very knowledgeable about plant and animal species, including their identification and ecology. The use of indigenous knowledge has increasingly attracted attention in scientific circles. The Dai people, a dominant nationality in southwestern Yunnan, China, have developed their own traditional plant classification system. In a case study in Xishuangbanna, we compared the differences in number of plant species identified between scientific and Dai folk classification. The Dai people identified more than 80% of the plant species, and the correspondence between folk and scientific plant species was 87.7%. Our results indicate that folk plant classification could be used in rapid assessment of plant species in certain regions. The use of folk systems of plant classification for rapid biodiversity assessment will contribute to conservation of both indigenous knowledge and regional biodiversity.     

Redressing cultural erosion and ecological decline in a far North Queensland aboriginal community (Australia): the Aurukun ethnobiology database project

Traditional environmental knowledge (usually imparted orally) is being lost from many regions of the world, requiring novel forms of transmission if this situation is to be redressed. Loss of this knowledge may be a significant contributory factor towards ecological decline. Undoubtedly, disruption to ecosystems and societies that depend on these has impacted on traditional land management practices, with negative ramifications for biodiversity. From an environmental perspective, scientists in northern Australia need to understand traditional Aboriginal methods of ‘caring for country’, such as burning regimes, so that these can be incorporated into strategies today for maintaining Australia’s rich biodiversity. However, information exchange should be two-way: as well as learning from local people, science can in turn benefit people who may have little experience of, for example, invasive species. The challenge is how can the complexity of biological knowledge from within different ontologies be represented and integrated in a way that it can be of use to scientists and local people, in order to ensure a sustainable future? The main aim of this study was to record existing local knowledge of biodiversity for the community of Aurukun (far north Queensland), integrating this knowledge with scientific data, while giving parity to both knowledge systems and protecting intellectual property rights. A cross-cultural collaboration between community members and ethnobiologists resulted in development of the Aurukun Ethnobiology Database. An interdisciplinary approach was taken to effectively model autochthonous biological knowledge and scientific data to create a database with a number of practical applications.     

对承包工程队安全管理探讨

介绍了林业木材生产中用工形式的变化及推行具有法人资质单位承包经营的新路子，阐述了这种承包方式中存在的问题，探讨了这种承包方式中安全管理的途径。     

氢化物原子荧光法同时测定水中的硒和汞

采用氢化物一原子荧光法，应用AFS-2202a型双道原子荧光仪联合测定水中的硒和汞，方法的检出限为：Se0．31μg／L、Hg0．01μg／L，线性范围为：Se0-20．0μg／L、Hg0～2．00μg／L。     

四川省秸秆综合利用困局及对策建议

以四川省为例,分析了秸秆综合利用中5个方面的问题,提出了相应的3点对策和建议。     

建材产业发展循环经济的任务目标与措施

从多方面论述了建材产业发展循环经济的任务、目标、技术路线及措施。指出在循环经济之业链中,建材产业将成为资源减量化、再利用、再循环途径最多和潜力最大的产业之一,建材产业发展循环经济,既可实现自身的可持续发展,又可促进和带动其他行业循环经济的发展。     

氢化物发生原子荧光法测定地表水和饮用水中的痕量砷、汞、硒

文章研究了用SK-2002 AFS analyser氢化物发生原子荧光法测定地表水和饮用水中的砷、汞、硒的测定。在5％的酸度条件下加入5％硫脲＋5％抗坏血酸,20g／L的硼氢化钾为还原剂,调整仪器的空气和辅气流量及分析条件为文中条件,取水样中分别添加砷,汞,硒,使它们的浓度分别为2μg/L,0．4μg／L,4μg／L,连续测定12次,以砷,汞,硒的相对标准偏差分别为0．4％,1．1％,1．2％。取水样加入As,Hg,Se标准分别为2．0ng,0．6ng,4．0ng,测定的添加标准回收率分别为99．5％,97．5％,95．8％。研究结果表明,该方法操作简便,快速,灵敏,干扰少,检出限低等特点,适合于测定地表水和饮用水中砷,汞,硒的测定。     

原子荧光法测定医疗废弃物焚烧废气中的汞

采用王水消解-氢化物-原子荧光光谱法,对医疗垃圾焚烧炉所产生的废气进行采集所得到的滤筒进行消解分析,讨论并确定了实验的最佳条件,结果表明,汞的检出限为0．009μg/L,回收率为90．8％和94．3％,结果表明,该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,准确性好。     

Fenton试剂处理稻壳热解发电含酚废水的实验研究

稻壳热解发电含酚废水是稻壳热解发电过程中产生的各种废水的集合,它是一种有毒、有害废水,会对环境产生污染。本文在微波条件下进行了正交实验研究和单因素实验研究,发现pH值、反应时间、H2O2浓度、FeSO4浓度等因素对反应有影响,而且其影响程度从大到小为：pH值、FeSO4浓度、H2O2浓度、反应时间。实验得出了最佳条件：pH值为3,反应时间为7min,H2O2浓度为1500mg／L,FeSO4浓度为120mg／L,微波功率为400W。处理后水样的COD去除率超过81％,挥发酚去除率超过99％。