我国安全生产基层执法队伍建设问题与对策

通过收集分析相关统计数据和资料,深入分析我国安全生产基层执法队伍建设现状。统计分析结果表明:专门的基层执法机构仍不健全;与基层实际执法工作需要相比,执法人员相对不足;执法人员业务素质不高;执法队伍不稳定,人员变动频繁。最后从建立人员配备标准、合理调配人员、加快监察人员专业化建设进程、落实从优待安政策等4方面,提出了相应的对策。     

Is current agronomy ready to promote sustainable agriculture? Identifying key skills and competencies needed

The quest for agricultural sustainability generates the need to develop functional support schemes aimed at supplying farmers with knowledge, information and appropriate solutions, thus smoothing the transition towards sustainable agriculture (SA). In this vein, it is expected that agronomists have to play a key role, plotting the course for a sustainable farming future. Nevertheless, a critical question is whether agronomists possess the skills and competencies needed to motivate and guide this transition process. Two studies were designed to examine which clusters of agronomists’ skills and competencies determine their ability to promote SA. Study 1, using data from a sample of farmers, revealed that agronomists’ level of knowledge on issues pertaining to SA, their networking capacities, facilitation competencies, and communication skills affect their ability to guide the transition towards sustainable farm production. Study 2, drawing on data from a sample of agronomists, confirmed the pivotal role of sustainability knowledge, facilitation skills and networking competencies on the aptitude to promote SA. Both studies uncovered that agronomists display low to moderate levels of these skills. Taken together, these results point out the need to reorganize agronomic (formal and lifelong) education in order to equip agronomists with new competencies and to enable them to effectively promote SA.     

基于文献计量学的“十三五”生态环境监测研究热点分析

利用科学计量与可视化相关工具,以《中文核心期刊要目总览(2017年版)》27种环境科学类核心期刊发表的2016—2020年生态环境监测论文数据为基础,从载文量分布、高被引论文、高产机构分布和技术主题分布等方面分析了"十三五"期间我国生态环境监测研究热点。结果表明:"十三五"期间生态环境监测论文数量有所增加,主要载文期刊分布于《环境科学》《中国环境监测》《环境科学与技术》;主要发文机构是中国环境科学研究院、中国环境监测总站、中国科学院大学;排名前10位的技术主题词分别是PM_(2.5)、重金属、土壤、污染特征、颗粒物、挥发性有机物、生态风险、臭氧、沉积物、多环芳烃,结合"十三五"前期和中后期热点主题词变化分析了生态环境监测研究关注点的变化趋势。     

RDX粒度对某高能硝胺发射药燃烧性能的影响

为了研究黑索金(RDX)粒度对某高能硝胺发射药(NP)常、高、低温燃烧性能的影响,在NP发射药配方的基础上,加入超细RDX和普通RDX,其平均粒径(D50)分别为6μm和40μm,制备得到新型高能硝胺发射药NPH.通过密闭爆发器试验,对比分析NP和NPH发射药在常、高、低温条件下燃烧性能的变化规律.高能硝铵发射药中,R...     

Bridging gaps in demographic analysis with phylogenetic imputation

Phylogenetically informed imputation methods have rarely been applied to estimate missing values in demographic data but may be a powerful tool for reconstructing vital rates of survival, maturation, and fecundity for species of conservation concern. Imputed vital rates could be used to parameterize demographic models to explore how populations respond when vital rates are perturbed. We used standardized vital rate estimates for 50 bird species to assess the use of phylogenetic imputation to fill gaps in demographic data. We calculated imputation accuracy for vital rates of focal species excluded from the data set either singly or in combination and with and without phylogeny, body mass, and life-history trait data. We used imputed vital rates to calculate demographic metrics, including generation time, to validate the use of imputation in demographic analyses. Covariance among vital rates and other trait data provided a strong basis to guide imputation of missing vital rates in birds, even in the absence of phylogenetic information. Mean NRMSE for null and phylogenetic models differed by <0.01 except when no vital rates were available or for vital rates with high phylogenetic signal (Pagel's λ > 0.8). In these cases, including body mass and life-history trait data compensated for lack of phylogenetic information: mean normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) for null and phylogenetic models differed by <0.01 for adult survival and <0.04 for maturation rate. Estimates of demographic metrics were sensitive to the accuracy of imputed vital rates. For example, mean error in generation time doubled in response to inaccurate estimates of maturation time. Accurate demographic data and metrics, such as generation time, are needed to inform conservation planning processes, for example through International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List assessments and population viability analysis. Imputed vital rates could be useful in this context but, as for any estimated model parameters, awareness of the sensitivities of demographic model outputs to the imputed vital rates is essential.     

Ecological literacy and psychographics: lifestyle contributors to ecological knowledge and understanding

Knowledge and understanding about how the ecological systems of the Earth support life form the foundation for ecological literacy, which, in turn, is of critical importance for sustainability. There is widespread concern that levels of ecological literacy within many contemporary human societies are too low to enable effective decision-making about how to live sustainably. This paper presents and discusses the findings of an ecological literacy assessment of South Australian adults. The assessment tested for knowledge and understanding of ecological systems and interconnections with human society. Analyses revealed significant relationships between assessment scores and a range of value-based and behavioural characteristics. Such characteristics included the value placed on nature, time spent outdoors and in nature, involvement in nature-based activities, and perceived sources of ecological knowledge and understanding. Higher average scores were correlated with higher values accorded to involvement in outdoor activities, importance of the outdoors to enjoyment of life, importance of nature in the household, volunteer environmental activity and growing food. Higher scores were also correlated with higher education, research activities, outdoor lifestyles, place-based experiences, volunteer activities, mentors and colleagues, and books and magazines. Lower scores were achieved by those who considered media, natural disasters and environmental marketing to be major contributors to their ecological knowledge. These findings contribute to a broader study of the relationships between ecological literacy and a range of both socio-demographic and psychographic characteristics. They invite serious consideration from any society that values the participation of an informed population with the capacity to make sustainable environmental decisions.     

污染地块土壤多氯联苯风险筛选值研究

污染地块土壤多氯联苯（PCBs）污染主要来自含PCBs电力设备封存点的泄漏及非故意产生源,建立土壤PCBs筛选标准是开展PCBs污染地块调查、评估和修复的基础.本研究通过文献分析统计了典型PCBs单体的占比,并基于人体健康风险评估模型推导了污染地块土壤PCBs风险筛选值.结果表明,不同商用PCBs混合物中共平面PCBs总量（∑Co-PCBs）占比为0.01%~16.10%,难以代表PCBs的总体风险水平.研究建立了PCBs总量、指示性PCBs总量（∑Id-PCBs）及∑Co-PCBs等3个指标共同作为土壤PCBs筛选值体系,敏感用地和非敏感用地情景下,PCBs总量、∑Id-PCBs、∑Co-PCBs分别为2.10、0.24、0.03 mg·kg^-1和6.20、0.71、0.09 mg·kg^-1.通过6个含PCBs电容器地下封存点485个污染土壤样品的分析,进一步证明了仅控制∑Co-PCBs将低估PCBs污染风险,采用本研究提出的3个指标进行筛选能够更有效地识别和评估PCBs污染地块的风险.     

关于统筹实现碳达峰目标与碳中和愿景的几点建议

习近平总书记在第75届联合国大会一般性辩论上发表的重要讲话为我国实现碳达峰目标和碳中和愿景指明了方向。本文针对我国如何统筹碳达峰目标与碳中和愿景工作提出如下建议:一是要充分认识我国实现碳达峰目标的困难和挑战。二是要充分认识到我国碳达峰的任务艰巨,但有一定的基础条件。三是要树立战胜困难的信心和决心。四是要认真总结北京、河北、河南、山西、四川等已经初步实现碳达峰目标地区的经验。五是统筹碳达峰与碳中和,提早安排碳中和各项工作。六是统筹提高能源效率和发展非化石能源。七是统筹能源转型和发展转型。八是成立国家碳中和发展基金。九是建立碳达峰、碳中和的政策机制。十是加强碳达峰、碳中和的国际合作。     

煤加水热化学还原反应体系H2S成生实验模拟研究

为研究煤在加水热模拟条件下H2S气体的生成规律,采用自主设计的高温高压封闭反应装置,在高温、真空条件下对煤加水反应体系进行H2S气体成生实验模拟研究。使用Agilent 7890B气相色谱对热模拟温度（250~550℃）内的气相产物取样分析。结果显示:在温度不超过300℃时,该阶段主要是发生物理脱吸附作用,且化学还原作用还较微弱,H2S气体生成量较少;在300~550℃,该阶段为煤中有机硫分解释放硫自由基的主要阶段,H2S气体生成量急剧攀升,在450℃达到最大值。总体来说,煤中有机硫分解释放的硫自由基量对H2S气体的生成量有重要的影响,硫自由基量越高,H2S的生成量就越大。     

中国地热资源特点与发展对策

地热能是一种绿色低碳、可循环利用的可再生能源。中国地热资源丰富,以中低温资源为主,高温地热资源主要受中国地质构造特点及其在全球构造中所处部位的控制,主要集中在藏南-川西-滇西和台湾两个地区。但是,中国地热产业处在起步阶段,资源开发利用程度低,地热资源的利用绝大部分以直接利用为主,地热发电明显落后。针对中国地热资源开发利用存在的问题,提出了5 条促进地热产业发展的对策建议:建立国家级地热产业核心技术研发平台;尽快启动干热岩勘查开发利用示范工程建设;制订优惠扶持政策,推动地热产业步入快速发展轨道;积极推广地热尾水回灌技术,切实保护环境;尽快出台全国性的地热资源管理法规,以推动中国地热资源开发利用的法制化管理。