Native Seed Collection and Use in Arid Land Reclamation: A Low-Tech Approach

Loss of vegetation production in arid lands has been difficult to remediate and has signifi- cant economic impacts on human populations. Restoration efforts based on non-local materials and large-scale mechanization have not been capable of efficiently reversing the trend of environmental degradation. The use of traditional knowledge and simplified methods of seed harvesting, storing, marketing and soil preparation have proven that regeneration of native species and efficient land reclamation is possible in areas that have traditionally been considered degraded beyond redemption. This paper describes a method of land reclamation that combines tradition and simple mechanics that can be applied in all arid areas that face desertification. Because the work builds on cultural practices long used in non-industrialized societies, it is particularly adapted to rural areas. The methods described have the potential to open new low-tech economic opportunities to all segments of local non-urban populations while combating desertification and creating a more ecologically sound environment.     

不同填埋龄垃圾甲烷和恶臭物质产生潜势

针对甲烷和恶臭物质产生潜势与垃圾填埋龄的关系,利用全自动甲烷潜能测试系统进行厌氧发酵实验,监测累积产甲烷量和速率,使用气相色谱/质谱联用仪分析恶臭物质种类和浓度.结果表明：填埋龄较短的垃圾产气量高于填埋龄较长的垃圾,填埋龄3a的垃圾产气量最大,单位质量垃圾甲烷累计产生量为29.81mL/g,填埋龄7a的垃圾产气量最小,为6.16mL/g,填埋龄3a的垃圾产甲烷速率最大,最高值达112.3mL/d;共检出40种恶臭物质,芳香族和脂肪烃种类最多、浓度最高,芳香族、卤代烃和含硫化合物浓度比例随垃圾填埋龄增加而增加;脂肪烃浓度比例随垃圾填埋龄增加而减小.     

1979~2016年中国城市生活垃圾产生和处理时空特征

改革开放以来,随着我国社会经济发展、居民生活水平提高,城市生活垃圾与日俱增,其妥善处理是我国各级政府面临的重要环境管理问题之一.本文通过系统收集和整理1979~2016年我国城市生活垃圾产生和处理的政府统计及相关中英文文献数据,分析了我国城市生活垃圾产生和处理的时空演变特征,建立了全国与各地区城市生活垃圾物理组分数据清单.研究结果表明：1979~2016年我国城市生活垃圾产生量显著增长至2016年的2.04亿t,以厨余类为主要成分.全国城市生活垃圾无害化处理率达到96.6%,无害化处理方式逐渐转向为焚烧为主、填埋补充的技术格局.我国各地区城市生活垃圾产生量、产生量增速、物理组分、无害化处理率和处理能力等存在时空差异,各地区应因地制宜,结合国家专项规划,提高生活垃圾减量化和资源化水平,弥补无害化处理缺口.     

长三角地区气溶胶光学性质与新粒子生成观测

2019年5月27日～6月27日对江苏省常州市的气溶胶光学性质参数、颗粒物数浓度和PM_(2.5)组分进行观测,联用扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪(SMPS)、黑碳仪(AE33)、腔衰减相移式单次反照率监测仪(CAPS)、在线离子色谱分析仪(MARGA)和RT-4型有机碳/元素碳(OC/EC)分析仪分析:①新粒子生成期间化学组分与光学参数的变化;②IMPROVE、 MIE理论重建消光系数与实测值的闭合性对比.观测期间共有两次明显的新粒子生成事件,粒子粒径从4 nm持续增长到64 nm,在新粒子生成初期硫酸盐贡献较大,生成过程中实测平均消光系数为95.40 Mm~(-1),IMPROVE模型重建平均消光系数为140.20 Mm~(-1),MIE理论模型计算平均消光系数为93.54 Mm~(-1),低于我国城市气溶胶消光系数均值300 Mm~(-1).本次观测采用多仪器联用的方式从颗粒物数浓度粒径谱、化学组分谱等不同的方面更好地对气溶胶理化性质进行表征.     

浅析知识经济时代的高校会计模式

知识经济时代理想的高校会计目标观念应当是决策有用性与管理责任的有机结合,既注重决策有用性,又不轻视管理责任;假设将被系统化、集成化模式所替代.因而,事件驱动模式代替顺序化会计处理程序,事项会计取代价值会计.     

Rates of environmental problem generation: Thoughts on a new research direction

Environmental scientists are continually discovering new and emerging environmental problems. There have been many studies of how a particular environmental problem has occurred, its costs to society, and its (potential) resolution. However, to date there have been few studies of the rate at which new environmental problems are generated by human technological innovations. In this note, I present a conceptual framework that will help quantify how many now-unknown problems we may expect to occur in a given sector. Two brief case studies illustrate the difficulty of finding appropriate dataset for fitting the full model, however. Policy implications of the conceptual framework are discussed, with different kinds of economic sectors requiring different approaches.     

因地制宜建设好彭州市国家级生态示范区

生态示范区建设是实施可持续发展战略的基本经济社会形式。本文简单介绍了彭州市的概况，根据建设的指导思想、建设目标，对彭州市进行生态经济分区，并确定了分区规划目标，相应的提出了重点建设领域，为当地开展生态示范区建设工作提供了理论参考。     

深圳玉龙坑垃圾填埋场填埋气体产生量预测研究

通过综合垃圾填埋量、垃圾组分、以及气候特点等因素，采用二阶段复合产气速率模型对玉龙坑填埋场封场前后填埋气体产生量情况进行了预测。预测结果表明玉龙坑填埋场在封场后10年内仍有较大量的填埋气体产生，若不加以妥善处理将会产生安全隐患，若加以利用会产生经济效益。该模型的应用可为垃圾填埋场进行填埋气体产生量预测及收集处理系统的设计、管理提供合理的依据。     

Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana

Municipal solid waste management in Accra, Ghana, is at present delivered in an unsustainable manner. Due to uncontrolled urbanisation, large quantities of waste are generated daily in Accra, and this exerts much pressure on an over strained solid waste management system. Coupled with weak institutional capacity, and lack of resources, both human and capital, the city authorities face difficulties in ensuring that all the waste generated in the city is collected for disposal. Home collection of waste is limited to high and, some middle income areas while the poor are left to contend with the problem on their own. This leads to indiscriminate disposal of waste in surface drains, canals and streams, creating unsanitary, and unsightly environments in many parts of the city.     

Fuzzy goal programming for biodiesel production

ABSTRACT

The energy consumed around the world and especially in Morocco is dominated by oil products. The latter; whether in the global or the national context; are mainly due to diesel, whose climate impacts are well established, suggesting the search for a greener alternative. Despite its virtues, biodiesel is struggling to impose itself for purely economic reasons. Thus, in order to offer a sustainable solution, while keeping in mind the unpredictable fluctuations (price, demand …). This work proposes a generalization of fuzzy goal programming into fully fuzzy goal programming and a relative application, where the aim is to have a final product at a competitive price.