试论灾害教育在防灾减灾中的作用

人类社会在迅速发展的同时,遭受着多种灾害现实的或潜在的威胁与破坏。在我国,在整个防灾减灾工作的链环中,有关灾害的教育环节还十分薄弱,缺口很大,由此也导致公众的灾害意识还相当薄弱。本文即是从“人为营造”的灾害入手,系统地阐述了灾害教育在我国减灾防灾中的重要作用。     

浅议加强安全生产执法队伍建设

为了充分发挥安全生产执法队伍的作用,规范执法行为,依法履职,端正执法形象,必须加强安全生产执法队伍建设,维护国家法律的尊严,保障执法的公平、正义,提高安全生产执法队伍管理水平。本文对安全生产执法队伍把好人员进入关、完善机构、建章立制等加强基础建设,探索和转变执法方式等方面进行探讨,论述加强安全生产执法队伍建设的重要性和具体作法。     

Mapping divergent concepts of sustainability: lay knowledge,local practices and environmental governance

This paper examines local sustainability concepts in Connemara, a predominantly rural region in the West of Ireland (in this paper, the term “Ireland” refers to the Republic of Ireland), to show how they are (re-)constituted through people's interactions with social and biophysical environments. We argue that these interactions produce diverse forms of lay environmental knowledge and expertise that encompass cognitive and emotional aspects, a fact that is frequently ignored in environmental policy-making which prioritises rational arguments over reactions rooted in people's sense of place and community. Local people's responses to this dominance of “official” rational-technical sustainability concepts are central to recent cases of environmental controversy and lack of compliance to environmental policies that have characterised the study area but that show many parallels to conflicts and disputes elsewhere. Drawing on rich qualitative evidence from interviews and ethnographic fieldwork, this paper demonstrates how communities' responses to environmental policies depend on how well (or poorly) sustainability concepts underpinning these policies match local people's social-ecological practices and related place-specific views of what should be sustained.     

基于CiteSpace中国生态补偿研究的知识图谱分析

生态补偿已成为生态环境管理领域的热点问题。本文基于CiteSpace可视化文献分析工具,以CSSCI数据库中1998—2018年的期刊论文作为数据源,以"生态补偿"为关键词进行文献检索,通过共被引、关键词共现分析以及聚类分析等,探讨生态补偿研究领域的知识基础以及研究热点与前沿。结果表明:①生态补偿研究的发文数量经历了缓慢上升、快速增长、平稳增加三个阶段;②生态补偿研究作者集中度较高,发行期刊涵盖经济学、地理学、生态学、制度经济学等多个学科,反映出生态补偿是一个多学科交叉的研究主题,生态补偿研究的综合性不断增强;③依据关键词知识图谱,"国家重点生态功能区""生态环境""可持续发展"等成为最新研究热点;④新时期生态文明建设下,"草原生态补偿""支付意愿""转移支付""退耕还林"等成为生态补偿研究的最新前沿话题。     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

自然资源系统的演化及其动力机制

在概述了自然资源和自然资源系统含义的基础上，分析了自然资源系统在人类发展的不同阶段（采集狩猎社会、原始农业社会、传统农业社会、工业社会、后工业社会、知识经济社会）的演化过程及其主要特征，并从自然界和人类活动两个方面探讨了自然资源系统演化的动力机制。     

电镀工业污染最小化知识库系统

电镀工艺污染最小化知识库系统是在Windows95环境下采用Visual Basica5.0为编程语言和Access为数据库而开发的实用系统，该知识库系统具有清洁生产审计信息编辑、查询、统计、报表生成等功能，根据录入的信息提出推荐的清洁生产方案供使用者选择，并且可利用该知识库系统对工艺设计、操作人员进行该行业污染最小化技术的培训。该系统是一个动态可发展知识库系统，使用者可十分便捷地更新和添加知识库的内容。     

青岛"城市数字化工程"研究

随着数字时代的到来，传统的城市规划、建设、管理与服务方式暴露出许多问题。在分析青岛城市系统信息化建设的基础上，提出了青岛“城市数字化工程”建设的目标、总体逻辑结构、数据库设计及其应用系统的开发研究等一系列问题，以期为青岛“城市数字化工程”建设提供决策支持。     

The value of indigenous knowledge in climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in the African Sahel

Past global efforts at dealing with the problem of global warming concentrated on mitigation, with the aim of reducing and possibly stabilizing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. With the slow progress in achieving this, adaptation was viewed as a viable option to reduce the vulnerability to the anticipated negative impacts of global warming. It is increasingly realized that mitigation and adaptation should not be pursued independent of each other but as complements. This has resulted in the recent calls for the integration of adaptation into mitigation strategies. However, integrating mitigation and adaptation into climate change concerns is not a completely new idea in the African Sahel. The region is characterized by severe and frequent droughts with records dating back into centuries. The local populations in this region, through their indigenous knowledge systems, have developed and implemented extensive mitigation and adaptation strategies that have enabled them reduce their vulnerability to past climate variability and change, which exceed those predicted by models of future climate change. However, this knowledge is rarely taken into consideration in the design and implementation of modern mitigation and adaptation strategies. This paper highlights some indigenous mitigation and adaptation strategies that have been practiced in the Sahel, and the benefits of integrating indigenous knowledge into formal climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Incorporating indigenous knowledge can add value to the development of sustainable climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies that are rich in local content, and planned in conjunction with local people.     

基于知识与规则的土地利用信息分层提取研究——以南京市都市区为例

为了克服利用统一分类模型难以有效提高土地利用分类精度的问题,为土地利用/覆被定性、定量信息的提取提供一种高精度、高效率的提取方法,将分层信息提取法和基于知识规则的信息提取方法相结合,基于对南京市都市区的土地利用时空特点和研究区TM影像数据中各地类波谱信息的分析,结合了地类提取指数模型、DEM数据、城市建成区边界等,充分利用地学先验知识,设计了一套土地信息分层提取的流程,对土地利用信息进行了提取。利用该方法对2012年南京市都市区的土地利用/土地覆被信息提取的总体精度达到了88.67%,Kappa系数达到了0.85。实践证明,基于知识与规则的土地利用信息分层提取方法提取精度较高,适用性强,对其他地区的土地利用/覆被信息分类提取也有一定的借鉴意义。