Closing the knowledge-action gap in conservation with open science

The knowledge-action gap in conservation science and practice occurs when research outputs do not result in actions to protect or restore biodiversity. Among the diverse and complex reasons for this gap, three barriers are fundamental: knowledge is often unavailable to practitioners and challenging to interpret or difficult to use or both. Problems of availability, interpretability, and useability are solvable with open science practices. We considered the benefits and challenges of three open science practices for use by conservation scientists and practitioners. First, open access publishing makes the scientific literature available to all. Second, open materials (detailed methods, data, code, and software) increase the transparency and use of research findings. Third, open education resources allow conservation scientists and practitioners to acquire the skills needed to use research outputs. The long-term adoption of open science practices would help researchers and practitioners achieve conservation goals more quickly and efficiently and reduce inequities in information sharing. However, short-term costs for individual researchers (insufficient institutional incentives to engage in open science and knowledge mobilization) remain a challenge. We caution against a passive approach to sharing that simply involves making information available. We advocate a proactive stance toward transparency, communication, collaboration, and capacity building that involves seeking out and engaging with potential users to maximize the environmental and societal impact of conservation science.     

我国环境保护政策框架体系改革的几点思考

针对当前越来越热的“环保改革”话题，从现实和发展两个方面详细阐述了环保改革的必要性和目标，指出了改革中的重点和难点问题，强调必须建立新的管理体制和政策框架，在此基础上提出了推进和完善排污权交易试点的对策建议。     

基于Landsat 8 OLI数据的树种类型分布提取

树种分布是林业调查工作中的关键环节,遥感影像中对树种信息的提取具有重要意义。论文以福建省长汀县为研究区,收集2016年3月美国陆地卫星影像(Landsat 8 OLI)数据,提出基于知识库的图像膨胀分类方法,结合不同树种类型分布点的影像像元灰度与影像不同波段的重新排列,对杉类、松类、竹类与阔叶树类4个类型提取分布信息,结合地面验证坐标点进行精度评价,同时与专家知识分类法比较。结果显示图像膨胀法结合了地物分布特征与光谱信息,在Landsat 8 OLI影像中是可行的,并提高了精度,整体精度为83.01%,Kappa系数为0.77,与专家知识分类法相比分别提高了8.25%、0.11。该研究为快速精确地使用Landsat 8 OLI影像提取树种分布信息具有一定参考。     

Convergences and divergences between scientific and Indigenous and Local Knowledge contribute to inform carnivore conservation

There is increasing recognition that diverse knowledge systems can work in mutually enriching ways and that Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK) can enhance biodiversity conservation. However, studies using scientific knowledge and ILK in a complementary manner, and acknowledging convergent and especially divergent insights have remained limited. In this study, we contrasted proxies of abundances and trends of threatened and conflict-prone carnivores (caracal, cheetah, jackal, lion, leopard, spotted hyaena, striped hyaena) derived separately from scientific knowledge and ILK. We conducted camera trapping, track surveys and semi-structured interviews with local pastoralists from northern Kenya. We found convergences highlighting the need for conservation action and divergences suggesting scientific ecological sampling limitations or underlying socio-psychological phenomena. Overall, our study shows that complementing scientific knowledge and ILK as separate sources of information and opening up space for discrepancies can enrich our understanding of the status and trends of carnivores, as well as recognizing human-carnivore relationships.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01443-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Fishers’ knowledge detects ecological decay in the Mediterranean Sea

The Northern Adriatic Sea (NAS) is one of the most overexploited marine ecosystems in Europe. Given the gaps in scientific knowledge regarding the NAS, this study sought Fishers’ Ecological Knowledge (FEK) to determine NAS’ historical baselines for conservation. By interviewing 53 fishers in three ports of northern Italy, estimates of the catch rates of four commercial demersal species were generated over a 60-year period, and perceptions of target and non-target species’ diversity and benthic diversity were analysed in three groups of fishers (i.e. novices, experienced and veterans). Results showed a significant decline in perceived abundance of sole (Solea solea), common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and mantis shrimp (Squilla mantis), and evidence was found of a Shifting Baseline Syndrome (SBS) among novices. Given FEK’s ability to complement scientific knowledge, fishers’ participation in marine management policies and intergenerational communication should be enhanced, to improve the status of marine ecosystems and hinder SBS.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01452-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

基于知识图谱的土壤重金属快速监测技术进展

为了解当前国际土壤重金属快速监测研究现状及趋势，以Web of science数据库为基础，以X射线荧光光谱法（XRF）为例利用CiteSpace进行知识图谱可视化分析，并在此基础上对国际土壤重金属快速监测进行研究综述.结果表明，从Web of science数据库资料来看，当前对土壤重金属快速监测的研究机构以中国科学院和西班牙国家科学研究委员会发文量最多，而发文从属国家以美国为最多，中国和德国居其次；研究热点主要集中于快速监测仪器的技术开发、实际应用、定量化监测影响因素的识别及校正等方面；针对土壤重金属污染快速监测的未来研究趋势主要集中于监测仪器的小型化智能化研发、农田土壤重金属快速监测、区域土壤重金属空间分布监测等方面.认清和了解当前国际土壤重金属快速监测研究状况，可为国内相关研究提供参考.     

多媒体数据库的知识发现

介绍了多媒体知识挖掘的基本结构,说明了不同类型多媒体数据挖掘的基本方法和技术,包括文本数据、图形图像音频数据、以及因特网上数据.     

基于循证理论的事故隐患排查治理研究

为更好对企业进行事故隐患排查治理,本文从知识可及性和知识转移等角度,分析导致企业隐患排查治理差异的因素;然后提出基于循证理论的企业隐患排查治理方法并进行实证分析。研究表明:将循证理论引入到企业事故隐患排查治理中具有可行性和有效性。     

在中学化学教学中嵌入环境保护教育的实践

《环保法》修订中规定,教育行政部门、学校应当将环境保护知识纳入学校教育内容,培养学生的环境保护意识,环境教育应从中学教育开始。实践证明,在化学课中嵌入环境教育具有一定的可行性,可以在观摩教学和课外活动中渗透环境保护内容,在实验课中让学生去践行环境保护,既提高了学生的学习兴趣,又改善了化学课教学效果。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.