组织间目标差异对应急合作关系的影响 ——信息分享行为的中介作用及任务不确定性的调节效应

合作关系质量的高低直接影响应急活动的成败,如何改善合作关系,从而提高协同绩效是应急管理领域亟待解决的问题。探讨组织间目标差异对应急合作关系的影响,并重点分析信息分享行为和任务不确定性在以上关系中所起的中介作用及调节效应。通过对239位基层应急指挥人员的问卷调查数据进行层级回归分析发现:组织间目标差异对应急合作关系有显著的负向影响;信息分享行为在二者之间起到部分中介作用;任务不确定性对组织间目标差异与社会确认之间的关系没有显著影响,但对组织间目标差异与目标确认之间的关系存在显著的负向影响。结论表明,高层应急指挥人员可采用信息公告牌、制定信息沟通内容结构框架的措施来约束社会确认信息的传递。     

土木建筑施工班组安全生产管理模式创新

在分析我国安全生产监督管理机制和土木建筑施工项目安全生产管理模式基础上,结合土木建筑行业安全生产过程特点,指出土木建筑行业必须发挥班组的重要作用。借鉴煤炭、电力等行业平安班组建设经验,建议了以联保、互保制度为核心的土木建筑施工作业班组模式。实践表明,尽管土木建筑施工班组稳定性差,但平安班组建设促进了班组人员安全意识的提高,班组人员发现、排解安全风险能力增强,促进了工程建设安全生产。     

Characteristics associated with high and low levels of ecological literacy in a western society

The integrity of the relationship between humanity and nature is fundamental to the health and survival of our species. Humans have always required knowledge and understanding of the planet’s life-supporting systems. Such knowledge and understanding form the basis of ecological literacy which, we suggest, is fundamental to the sustainability of human settlements. An assessment of South Australian adults showed positive correlations between ecological literacy and a number of socio-demographic and psychographic factors. An analysis of the most and least eco-literate individuals within a sample of over 1000 adults revealed significant distinguishing characteristics. Our findings indicate that high ecological literacy is strongly correlated with gender, age, education (and in particular, science-based education), employment status, engagement with nature both as children and adults, growing food, outdoor experiences and lifestyles, growing up in small communities and relational learning. In contrast, low ecological literacy is associated with a different set of socio-demographic and psychographic characteristics such as lower levels of education, growing up in large urban communities, and spending little time outdoors or in natural settings. In addition, perceptions about the major contributors to ecological knowledge and understanding were markedly different within the two groups. These patterns of difference between those with high and low ecological literacy among South Australian adults invite serious consideration for a society that aspires to cultivate an informed citizenry with capacity for making effective environmental decisions.     

Bridging research and practice in conservation

Calls for biodiversity conservation practice to be more evidence based are growing, and we agree evidence use in conservation practice needs improvement. However, evidence-based conservation will not be realized without improved access to evidence. In medicine, unlike in conservation, a well-established and well-funded layer of intermediary individuals and organizations engage with medical practitioners, synthesize primary research relevant to decision making, and make evidence easily accessible. These intermediaries prepare targeted evidence summaries and distribute them to practitioners faced with time-sensitive and value-laden decisions. To be effective, these intermediaries, who we refer to as evidence bridges, should identify research topics based on the priorities of practitioners; synthesize evidence; prepare and distribute easy-to-find and easy-to-use evidence summaries; and develop and maintain networks of connections with researchers and practitioners. Based on a review of the literature regarding evidence intermediaries in conservation and environmental management, as well as an anonymous questionnaire searching for such organizations, we found few intermediaries that met all these criteria. Few evidence bridges that do exist are unable to reach most conservation practitioners, which include resource managers in government and industry, conservation organizations, and farmers and other private landowners. We argue that the lack of evidence bridges from research to practitioners contributes to evidence complacency and limits the use of evidence in conservation action. Nevertheless, several existing organizations help reduce the gap between evidence and practice and could serve as a foundation for building additional components of evidence bridges in conservation. Although evidence bridges need expertise in research and evidence synthesis, they also require expertise in identifying and communicating with the community of practitioners most in need of clear and concise syntheses of evidence. Article Impact Statement: Evidence-based conservation will not be realized without improved access to evidence. We call for intermediary evidence bridges.     

矿山救援队自身伤亡事故新特点及防治对策

为有效防止矿山救援队自身伤亡事故,通过统计1953-2013年期间的81例矿山救援队自身伤亡事故,研究其新特点与防治对策。结果表明:矿井火灾和爆炸事故救援始终是诱发救援队自身伤亡事故可能性最大的救灾作业类型,近年来这一特点更为明显,且火灾事故救援诱发瓦斯爆炸也成为导致自身伤亡的重要特征。因此,强化救援小队管理,改善救援技术与装备,重视预防性安全检查,提升应急决策与指挥的合理性,保障应急处置的安全并重点提高火灾与爆炸事故应急处置能力,是预防矿山救援自身伤亡事故的必要手段。     

基于虚拟现实技术的非煤矿山救护队培训系统设计与实现

针对非煤矿山救护队应急救援培训的实际需求和现实不足的情况,根据救护队行动程序,应用虚拟现实技术,研究与设计非煤矿山救护队应急救援培训系统。硬件系统采用可视立体技术和多点触摸技术,设计双屏触摸一体培训考试机。软件系统由用户信息管理子系统、多媒体演示培训子系统、专项操作训练子系统、考核与评价子系统、综合训练子系统构成。采用3D显示、人性化用户体验设计、自动寻路A*算法和导航网格等关键技术,从几何建模、动画建模、信息数据库和场景驱动等方面对系统整体进行架构。该系统的设计与开发可使非煤矿山救护队培训考核更加安全、高效、系统和节约。     

基于知识的多时相TM图像森林火烧迹地快速提取方法

本文以覆盖福州市及周边地区的五期TM图像为例,进行森林火烧迹地的自动提取研究.分别对TM图像上火烧迹地及其背景地物采样,分析火烧迹地在TM图像6个波段及PC变换、TC变换、多时相植被指数(MTVI)上的光谱特征,发现了火烧迹地与背景地物区分的光谱知识.其次,利用DEM数据分析火烧迹地在地形上的分布特点,发现了火烧迹地空间分布的知识规则.在此基础上建立了基于知识的多时相TM图像上森林火烧迹地提取模型,从而解决了快速识别和提取森林火灾信息的问题.     

KNOWLEDGE UTILIZATION IN WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE NETHERLANDS RELATED TO DESICCATION1

ABSTRACT: The use of scientific knowledge in environmental policy making is an important topic. However, the relation between knowledge producers and policy makers is not a straightforward producer-user relationship. The development of a national desiccation policy in the Netherlands and the implementation of desiccation plans in local situations are used as a case study to investigate the knowledge policy relationship. Three theoretical explanations were used to analyze this case: a difference between the cultures of producers and users; a different rationality of the policy making and research processes; and processes of social construction of problem definitions which imply that different knowledge stocks are used depending on the framing of the policy problem. Emergence of the policy issue at the national level is demonstrated to develop in close interaction between knowledge producers and policy makers, while the interactions at the local level were more based on integration of expert knowledge through personal expertise and closely tied to the development of management plans. This case study thus reveals a difference between general knowledge supporting measures at the national policy level and the way in which specific knowledge is applied in local cases. Therefore more attention should be paid to the translation of policy problems from rather high levels of political authority to the conceptualization at lower management levels. A final conclusion is that knowledge use in Dutch desiccation policy can be understood by pointing to multiple theoretical perspectives. The rational actor model and a construc-tivist perspective turned out to be especially useful in explaining the different ways knowledge was used at the national and the local level.     

新一代地震预报专家系统NGESEP知识库子系统

对新一代地震预报专家系统ＮＧＥＳＥＰ中“规则／框架”知识、学习知识、一般规则进行了详细的介绍,给出了各类知识在地震预报中所对应的不同含义和一致性检查的方法。