Life cycle assessment

The basic idea of LCA is that all environmental burdens connected with a product or service have to be assessed, back to the raw materials and down to waste removal. Therefore, the term “Life Cycle Assessment” is more precise than the German “?kobilanz” or the French “écobilan”. This basic idea is undoubtedly true, and LCA is the only environmental assessment tool which avoids positive ratings for measurements which only consists in the shifting of burdens. In the years from 1990 to 1993, SETAC and SETAC-Europe shaped the development of LCA in a series of important workshops culminating in the “Code of Practice” of 1993. The results of these workshops can be illustrated by the famous SETAC-triangle. It shows the basic structure which is now underlying the standardizing activities of ISO: 1. Goal definition and scoping, 2. Inventory analysis, 3. Impact assessment, 4. Improvement assessment. The structure recently defined by ISO differs from the SETAC structure only in the last element which is called “Interpretation” in the international standard 14040. According to ISO, “Improvement Assessment” is only one of the many activities which may follow LCA but is not part of the true analysis. The components of an LCA are described and interpreted in detail, SETAC vs. ISO. Recent developments and activities initiated by ISO, SPOLD and other organisations complete the review.     

A Knowledge-Based Approach to the Assessment of Watershed Condition

The Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system is an application framework for knowledge-based decision support of ecological assessments. EMDS integrates geographic information system and knowledge base system technologies to provide an analytical tool for environmental assessment and monitoring. The basic objective of EMDS is to improve the quality and completeness of environmental assessments and the efficiency with which they are performed. The USDA Forest Service and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have cooperatively developed an EMDS knowledge base for watershed condition assessment. Specifically, this knowledge base evaluates watershed processes, patterns, general effects of human activity, and fisheries habitat suitability. Such assessments are based on spatially explicit input data concerning current conditions and reference conditions which are subsequently interpreted by user-defined "fuzzy" membership functions. In this paper we describe basic components of our knowledge base for assessing watershed condition and illustrate its application within northern Idaho and northwestern Montana.     

Arctic Residents' Observations and Human Impact Assessments in Understanding Environmental Changes in Boreal Forests: Russian Experience and Circumpolar Perspectives

Three methods of gathering local and traditional knowledge of Indigenous Peoples were used to assess environmental changes and human impacts in Russian boreal forest communities: structured interviews, followed by an unstructured interview, and an education/training workshop. The most important environment changes reported by Indigenous Peoples included the disappearance of animals and plants, climate changes, a decrease in forest and shrub area, and human impacts such as poaching, forests fires, industrial logging, clearing of forests for firewood, and water pollution by industrial wastes and discharges. We propose establishment of the Boreal Residents' Network for Socio-environment Assessments and Education for Sustainable Development to acquire local and traditional knowledge as a supplement to scientific monitoring. The proposed approach would involve permanent inhabitants living in a broad range of boreal forests to gather local and traditional knowledge and assessments. This could lead to a meta-database to share with international networks.     

浙北地区深水岸线资源的合理开发利用

本文通过对浙北地区深水岸线资源特点和国内外经济、贸易、港口、海运现状及发展趋势的综合分析,阐述了浙北地区深水岸线资源开发利用的迫切性和港口建设目标,认为:①宁波—舟山岸线是我国沿海少有的深水岸线,适宜开发建成为我国沿海大型、深水、综合性中转枢纽港;②乍浦—独山岸线亦有其独特的优势,是开辟上海港新港区的理想岸线。此外,本文还对具体的开发步骤和合理利用岸线的若干问题提出了意见。     

多目标、多水源和多用户水资源系统管理的专家系统决策模型

几乎所有的水资源系统都是以多目标、多水源和多用户等为特征，因此其开发与管理过程中的各种决策也都必须坚持这些原则。本文利用现代专家系统技术建立了一种水资源系统管理的专家系统决策模型。该水资源系统包含一个地面水库供水系统、两个城镇市政供水系统、３个农区灌溉系统以及一个沼泽生态系统。它最早源于英国７０年代初所提出的灌溉系统对策仿真的设想，后经国外其他学者的不断完善，最后形成一种接近于现实的简单而综合的水资源系统管理原型，并以对策仿真的形式建立了其ＬＯＴＵＳ模拟模型。该对策仿真模拟模型中的对策者是地面水源管理者（ＷＡＭ）、市政供水管理者（ＰＷＳＭ）以及三组不同农户（ＦＡＲＭＥＲＳ）。为了使该系统更趋完善且更符合我国国情，本文又另外引入了一个称之为系统总管的对策者（ＭＡＮＡＧＥＲ）。他主要负责该系统的全面运行，解决系统中各对策者之间的矛盾冲突，监控全系统的环境质量，尽可能使整个系统获得最佳的社会、经济与环境效益。这种对策仿真模拟模型的主要目的是培养参加对策仿真的各位对策者，或者说水资源系统中的有关各方，即不同角色，更加熟悉一般水资源系统运行与管理过程中的各个方面。本文利用应用于微机的ＶＰ－专家系统外壳建立了这种对策仿     

海洋生态调控智能决策技持系统的结构模型

海洋生态调控智能决策支持系统（ＩＤＳＳＭＥＲ）是建立在海洋生态系统动力学原理与控制论方法基础上，以计算机科学技术为主，综合系统科学、管理科学以及海洋生态学的理论和方法的人机交互系统，旨在为决策者在协调资源与环境的生态关系、探索海洋生物资源可持续发展的生态调控对策与可行途径等方面提供一个良好的支持工具。给出ＩＤＳＳＭＥＲ的数据库系统、模型库系统、方法库系统及知识库系统，具有信息服务、科学计算和决策咨询的功能，这种四库三功能结构，以实规定量计算与定性推理有机地结合。最后构迄了基于数据库的知识库以及采用双向推理策略的海洋生态知识库系统结构。     

A method of analysis of macro water environmental systems

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基于开放式创新的新产品开发模糊前端模型研究

开放式创新模式的出现对企业新产品开发（NPD）过程中模糊前端（FFE）创新活动带来重要影响。本文在对模糊前端、开放式创新以及知识共享等现有研究进行文献综述的基础上,重点对四个经典FFE模型的典型特征、共性与差异、优点与不足进行了系统分析,进而从开放式创新与知识共享的视角,探索并构建提出了FFE的开放式模型。并对该模型的五个重要环节、关键概念及其相互关系进行了界定说明与分析评价,既融入经典模型的深厚积淀,又弥补了传统模型在开放性与知识共享等方面的不足。为解决企业在开放式创新环境下新产品开发FFE阶段面临的新问题提供了很好的理论框架与方法支撑。     

采空区对地表建筑物的影响评价方法研究

为研究金属矿山采动灾害影响,论述了金属矿山采空区上覆岩层移动对地表建筑物影响评价理论和技术方法,即"三带理论"、岩石移动带理论和数值模拟方法;指出了金属矿山空区稳定性和岩石移动的主要影响因素。结合某铁矿采空区的实际情况,综合应用这3种方法对该铁矿进行了定性、定量评价。分析3种评价方法的特点,旨在探索金属矿山的采动影响评价方法,以便保护矿区附近建筑物的安全,减小采动灾害对矿山企业及附近居民生命财产损失。