不同碳源加强A~2/O工艺脱氮除磷效果的研究

以人工配制的模拟城市污水为试验用水,采用76L的A~2/O反应器,以甲醇、乙酸钠和剩余污泥水解酸化液分别作为唯一碳源,研究了进水碳源类型对脱氮除磷和代谢过程的影响。结果表明:以甲醇为碳源时COD的去除率最高为97.04%;以乙酸钠为碳源时NH+4-N的去除率最高为99.5%,TP的去除率最高为95.91%;以酸化液为碳源时TN的去除率最高为70.18%。剩余污泥水解酸化液对脱氮除磷的影响效果不及甲醇和乙酸钠,但是以酸化液作为碳源不仅成本较低,还可实现废物资源化。综合考虑酸化液作为碳源最佳。     

Feasible conversion of solid waste bauxite tailings into highly crystalline 4A zeolite with valuable application

Bauxite tailings are a major type of solid wastes generated in the flotation process. The waste by-products caused significant environmental impact. To lessen this hazardous effect from poisonous mine tailings, a feasible and cost-effective solution was conceived and implemented. Our approach focused on reutilization of the bauxite tailings by converting it to 4A zeolite for reuse in diverse applications. Three steps were involved in the bauxite conversion: wet-chemistry, alkali fusion, and crystallization to remove impurities and to prepare porous 4A zeolite. It was found that the cubic 4A zeolite was single phase, in high purity, with high crystallinity and well-defined structure. Importantly, the 4A zeolite displayed maximum calcium ion exchange capacity averaged at 296 mg CaCO₃/g, comparable to commercially-available zeolite (310 mg CaCO₃/g) exchange capacity. Base on the optimal synthesis condition, the reaction yield of zeolite 4A from bauxite tailings achieved to about 38.43%, hence, this study will provide a new paradigm for remediation of bauxite tailings, further mitigating the environmental and health care concerns, particularly in the mainland of PR China.     

Fate of ochratoxin a in goats

Abstract

The fate of ochratoxin A (OA) was studied in goats given a single oral dose of ³H‐OA (0.5 mg/kg). More than 90% of the radioactivity was found to be excreted in 7 days and the majority (53%) was found in feces. Thirty‐eight percent, 6% and 2.26% of the activity was found in urine, milk and serum, respectively. The radioactivity in the liver and kidney 6 hours after feeding amounted to 1.5 and 0.5% of the total dose administered, respectively. Subsequent fractionation of liver and kidney homogenates revealed that microsomes, ribosomes and post‐ribosomal supernatant fractions contained most radioactivity. Thin layer chromatographic analyses revealed two additional radioactive spots with Upvalues and fluorescent characteristics different from OA, Oα and 4‐OH‐OA. Whereas OA was found as the unaltered molecule in feces, the metabolites were primarily found in urine and milk. Less than 0.03% of free OA was found in milk during the 7‐day period.     

南京市江宁区谷里镇污水处理工程工艺设计

根据谷里镇提供的水质监测资料、处理要求及现有地形条件,选用A2/O+曝气生物滤池作为该镇污水处理工程的核心处理工艺。该镇污水处理工程的设计规模为5 000 m3/d,污水处理工程的进水水质为pH:6～9 mg/L、CODCr:300 mg/L、BOD5:150 mg/L、氨氮:30 mg/L、TN:35 mg/L、TP:3 mg/L、SS:150 mg/L、动植物油:15 mg/L,经采用A2/O+曝气生物滤池作为该镇污水处理工程的核心处理工艺治理后,预计出水可以达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级A标准。     

镉胁迫对满江红-鱼腥藻共生体供氮能力的影响

在实验室条件下,以土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机氮及可溶性总氮含量变化为指标,研究了镉胁迫下满江红-鱼腥藻共生体对稻田供氮能力的影响.当土壤中镉浓度为0.3 mg·kg-1时,满江红-鱼腥藻共生体对镉的蓄积量较少,土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机氮及可溶性总氮含量与对照组无显著差异.当土壤中镉浓度≥1.0 mg·kg-1时,随土壤中镉浓度的增加和处理时间的推移,满江红-鱼腥藻共生体体内的镉含量逐渐增加,土壤中硝态氮、可溶性有机氮及可溶性总氮含量逐渐下降,而铵态氮含量先上升后下降.研究结果表明高浓度的镉胁迫导致满江红-鱼腥藻共生体对土壤的供氮能力显著下降.     

Wildlife identified as major source of Escherichia coli in agriculturally dominated watersheds by BOX A1R-derived genetic fingerprints

The presence of Escherichia coli in recreational and potable waters is a major concern to the general public as elevated levels of E. coli suggest the presence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Unfortunately, traditional microbial techniques do not allow specific identification of the source of E. coli. This reduces the ability to target management practices that reduce bacterial contamination. In the Finger Lakes region of western New York, USA, wildlife resides in relatively high densities on watersheds dominated by people and dairy farms, and as a result, the sources of fecal degradation of potable and recreational waters are often unknown. In the Conesus Lake watershed, the sources of microbial contamination were assessed using Rep-PCR molecular tools, a method of amplifying repetitive DNA sequences found throughout the E. coli genome to produce distinct fingerprints for a given ecotype. Molecular fingerprints of E. coli isolated from regional populations of cattle, humans, geese and deer were compared to E. coli isolated from stream water samples. Canonical discriminant function analysis indicated that the DNA fingerprints of the original source group isolates were correctly predicted 90.2% of the time. Since land use in the sub-watersheds was dominated by dairy and cash crop farms, it was expected that the majority of E. coli isolated would be identified as cows; however, an unexpectedly high percentage of isolates were identified as wildlife (geese and deer). Geese were the dominant source of E. coli (44.7-73.7% of the total sources) in four sub-watersheds followed by cows (10.5-21.1%), deer (10.5-18.4%), humans (5.3-12.9%) and unidentifiable sources (0.0-11.8%). Management practices intended to decrease the number of cattle or the amount of manure spread in a sub-watershed were reflected in a decrease of E. coli ecotypes associated with dairy cows.     

Planning for sustainable tourism in southern Pulau Banggi: an assessment of biophysical conditions and their implications for future tourism development

A priori assessments of a site's biophysical and socio-economic capacity for accommodating tourism are less common than tourism impact studies. A priori evaluations can provide a contextual understanding of ecological, economic and socio-cultural forces, which shape the prospects for sustainable tourism development at the host destination, and can avert adverse impacts of tourism. We conduct an a priori assessment of the biophysical environment of Pulau Banggi, in the Malaysian state of Sabah for sustainable tourism development. We characterise baseline conditions of the island's marine biodiversity, seasonality, and infrastructure. We then evaluate how existing biophysical conditions will influence options for sustainable tourism development. In particular, we suggest conditions, if there are any, which constitute a limit to future tourism development in terms of compatibility for recreation and resilience to visitor impacts. We find that the biggest constraint is the lack of adequate water and sanitation infrastructure. Blast fishing, although occurring less than once per hour, can potentially destroy the major attraction for tourists. We conclude that while Pulau Banggi possesses natural qualities that are attractive for ecotourism, financial and institutional support must be made available to provide facilities and services that will enable local participation in environmental protection and enhance prospects for future sustainable tourism.     

悬挂链脉动波式曝气系统及相关工艺的研究

曝气技术与设备一直是活性污泥处理工艺中的核心组成部分 ,但目前使用的曝气设备存在着诸多不足之处 ,影响了整个处理工艺的效果。悬挂链脉动波式曝气系统解决了长期困扰的问题。本文通过 3个部分分析了该技术的设备特点、工艺特点和经济性。通过对悬挂链移动曝气技术与设备的研究 ,为今后我国兴建污水处理厂提供了一条低投资、高效能的途径 ,使我国在较短时间内提高污水处理率成为可能     

稀有鮈鲫HMGR基因全长克隆及雄鱼经五氯酚暴露基因表达的分析

3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase,HMGR)是甲羟戊酸(mevalonic acid,MVA)途径中的第一个关键限速酶.克隆稀有鮈鲫HMGR基因全长,分析该基因在不同组织及雄鱼经不同浓度五氯酚(pentachlorophenol,PCP)暴露的表达差异,探索PCP对类固醇激素前体(胆固醇)合成水平基因转录调控的内分泌干扰机制.采用同源克隆策略及cDNA末端快速扩增技术(rapid-amplification of cDNA ends,RACE),从稀有鮈鲫肝脏中首次克隆得到3 101碱基(bp)的HMGR基因cDNA全长,基因命名为GrHMGR(GenBank accession No:KF885724).GrHMGR编码884个氨基酸,系统发育树分析表明,GrHMGR编码的蛋白与其他鱼类来源的HMGR氨基酸序列同源性较高.Real-time PCR分析表明GrHMGR的表达有组织特异性,在大脑,性腺和肝脏中均有表达,性腺中表达量最高.稀有鮈鲫雄鱼经不同浓度PCP暴露后,GrHMGR在大脑和性腺的表达随PCP浓度的增加显著下降,然而在肝脏组织中表达趋势有所不同.HMGR的表达下降会减少胆固醇的合成.说明PCP暴露会通过干扰稀有鮈鲫的胆固醇合成途径,进而对内分泌系统产生影响.