基于Sentinel-2A影像估算黄土高原光合/非光合植被盖度

以黄土高原为例,基于Sentinel-2A影像和地表实测地物光谱与盖度数据,分别在模拟混合场景和野外实测混合场景中,评估4种NPV植被指数(NPVI):SWIR32(短波红外比值指数)、DFI(干枯燃料指数)、STI(土壤耕作指数)和NDTI(归一化差异耕作指数)估算非光合植被盖度(f_NPV)的有效性,并利用优化法确定线性光谱混合模型的关键参数端元值,估算研究区光合植被盖度(f_PV)和f_NPV.结果表明,在模拟混合场景下,4种NPVI与模拟f_NPV线性关系的R²是0.365~0.750;在野外场景中,其相关性均有一定程度的降低,R²是0.147~0.211.研究构建NDVI-SWIR32像元三分模型,并确定了最优端元值:NDVI_PV=0.80,SWIR32_PV=0.60, NDVI_NPV=0.17,SWIR32_NPV=0.77,NDVI_BS=0.23,SWIR32_BS=0.99.模型对f_PV和f_NPV估算精度R²分别是0.817和0.463,NSE分别是0.806和0.458.利用该模型估算全区2019年4、8和12月的平均f_PV和f_NPV,分别为20.3%和59.2%,48.6%和33.1%,10.7%和59.0%.随时间推移,f_PV从东南向西北不断增加而后减小,f_NPV与之相反. NDVI-SWIR32模型可以用于Sentinel-2A影像数据来监测黄土高原地区f_PV和f_NPV的时空动态变化.     

基于“3A”理论的高职高专院校学生英语学习的研究

结合英语教学实践,依据Leo van Lier的意识原则(Awareness)和自主性原则(Autonomy),对高职高专院校英语专业学生进行了问卷调查。调查结果显示,高职高专院校英语专业学生的英语学习意识薄弱,动机不强。3A理论的启示是:发挥学生的主体作用,树立学生的语言学习意识,调动学生学习英语的主观能动性。     

城市污水混合垃圾渗滤液脱氮试验研究

采用倒置A2/O工艺处理垃圾渗滤液与城市污水混合后的污水脱氮。正交试验得到,水力停留时间是影响混合污水脱氮和有机物去除的控制因素;理论最优运行参数是HRT为9 h、ρ(DO)为2 mg/L、R为80%、r为200%,该工况下COD、NH3-N和TN的平均去除率分别为77.4%、97.2%和62.4%,出水浓度可稳定地达到GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。     

己烯雌酚与四溴双酚A对小球藻生长效应的影响（Effects of Diethylstilbestrol and Tetrabromobisphenol A on Growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa）

采用化学品对藻类毒性测试的标准试验方法,分别研究了己烯雌酚和四溴双酚A单组分对小球藻生长及光合色素含量的影响,并用相加指数法评价了己烯雌酚和四溴双酚A双组分对小球藻的联合毒性效应.结果表明,藻细胞密度和光合色素含量随己烯雌酚和四溴双酚A浓度增加而明显下降,且均表现出较好的浓度-效应关系,其对小球藻的96h-EC50值分别为0.0248mg·L-1和0.0455mg·L-1;两者对小球藻96h的联合毒性效应为拮抗作用.     

污泥发酵同步消化液旁侧脱氮

污泥消化液为高氨氮、低C/N比、低碱度的废水,用传统生物脱氮方法处理消化液,存在碳源和碱度不足的双重障碍.本实验在“A/O+SIFEDEN”组合系统中,首先在A/O反应器中实现消化液短程硝化,其出水与初沉污泥在SIFEDEN中同步实现消化液短程脱氮和污泥减量,消化液的TN去除率可达87%,MLVSS去除率为49%左右.考察了SIFEDEN反应器中污泥发酵和污水反硝化的互惠关系、pH值的变化规律等.该系统出水回流到污水厂主流区,不会降低进水C/N,污水厂的脱氮除磷效率得以提高.     

电子垃圾拆解地区人体双酚A内暴露及与氧化应激效应的关联研究

中国已成为全球电子垃圾的主要回收地之一,电子垃圾拆解造成的污染物人体暴露及健康效应备受关注。尤其是在粗放的拆解方式下,释放的双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)等污染物暴露以及对拆解地区人群的健康影响是重要的科学问题。选取中国北方某电子垃圾拆解地区(即暴露地区)人群为研究对象(包括29名电子垃圾拆解从业者和24名当地居民),以40 km外无电子垃圾拆解地区的人群(N=53)作为参照。暴露地区人群尿液中BPA浓度(中值:10.7μg·g-1肌酐)显著高于参照地区人群(中值:0.66μg·g-1肌酐;P0.01),提示电子垃圾拆解活动可能造成当地人群对BPA的高暴露。暴露地区人群的尿液8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHd G;中值:236μg·g-1肌酐)高于参照人群(中值:142μg·g-1肌酐),统计结果接近显著(P=0.055)。暴露地区人群血清中谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GSH-ST)与铜/锌-超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)含量较参照组显著降低;而谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)显著高于参照组(P0.01)。BPA与8-OHd G显著正相关(P0.05)、与GSH-ST负相关(P0.01);多元回归结果显示,尿液中BPA浓度每上升1倍,8-OHd G升高34.9%(95%CI:19.4%~52.3%),而GSH-ST下降5.46%(95%CI:1.17%~9.56%)。本研究显示,电子垃圾拆解可导致该地区人群对BPA的高暴露,这种暴露可导致氧化应激包括对DNA的氧化损伤。     

Fate and removal of typical pharmaceutical and personal care products in a wastewater treatment plant from Beijing: a mass balance study

The fate and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has received great attention during the last decade. Numerous data concerning concentrations in the water phase can be found in the literature, however corresponding data from sludge as well as associated mass balance calculations are very limited. In the present study, the adsorbed and dissolved concentrations of 9 PPCPs were investigated in each unit of a WWTP in Beijing, China. Based on the calculation of mass balance, the relative mass distribution and removal efficiency of each target compound was obtained at each process. The amount of PPCPs entering into the WWTP ranged from 12 g·d^–1 to 3848 g·d^–1. Five target compounds (caffeine, chloramphenicol, bezafibrate, clofibric acid, and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) were effectively removed, with rates of 57%–100%. Negative removal efficiencies were obtained for sulpiride, metoprolol, nalidixic acid, and carbamazepine, ranging from -19% to -79%. PPCPs mainly existed in dissolved form (≥92%) in both the raw influent and the final effluent. The sludge cake carried a much lower amount of PPCPs (17 g·d^–1) compared with the discharged effluent (402 g·d^–1). In A²/O treatment tanks, the anaerobic and anoxic tanks showed good performance for PPCPs removal, and the amount of adsorbed PPCPs was increased. The results reveal that both the dissolved and the adsorbed phases should be considered when assessing the removal capacity of each A²/O tank.     

Optimisation of bisphenol A removal from water using chemically modified pine bark and almond shell

The ability of pine bark and almond shells to remove bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions was evaluated. Samples of these traditional agro-forestry by-products were milled, sieved into different particle size fractions (0.10–0.15 and 1.5–2.0 mm) and submitted to two different types of treatment. Sorption experiments were conducted in a batch system at room temperature and natural pH. Sorption equilibrium was attained after 48 h for all systems under study. Bisphenol A was adsorbed more effectively on the smaller particles of the sorbents. Pine bark and almond shell pretreated with formaldehyde presented higher sorption efficiency (95%), followed by almond shell (87%) and pine bark (82%) washed with hot water. All the sorption isotherms were found to fit a Freundlich equation, with correlation coefficients (R ²) between 0.823 and 0.989. The sorption coefficient (K _F) ranged from 0.06 to 0.74 (mg^1?1/n ·L ^1/n ·g ^?1). These results indicate that utilisation of both materials as an alternative sorbent for the removal of bisphenol A from contaminated waters is promising because they are available in large amounts and have an acceptable cost–efficiency ratio when compared with traditional adsorbents.     

Removal of bisphenol a in soil by cyclodextrin derivatives

The apparent aqueous solubility of the endocrine disruptor in hydroxypropyl‐cyclodextrin (HP‐CD) solutions was investigated for evaluating the remediation of soil contamination and ground water pollution. The apparent solubility of bisphenol A (BPA) in water was significantly increased in HP‐CD solutions. The solubilization effect of HP‐CD's is caused by the formation of inclusion complexes of BPA and cyclodextrin. The relative aqueous‐phase concentration of BPA linearly increased with increasing HP‐CD concentration. The solubility of BPA increased in the order of the addition of HP‐a‐CD, HP‐7‐CD, and HP‐ß‐CD. However, it did not depend upon the degree of hydroxypropylation substitution. It is concluded that HP‐CD may be utilized for the remediation of soil contamination.     

The relations of antioxidant vitamins A,E, and C with MDA levels in serum and liver of rats treated with nitrosamines

In this study, we investigated the levels of vitamins A, E, and C in serum and liver, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were followed by long-term administration of some nitrosamines. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), 1-Nitrosopiperidine (NPip), and N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr) were administered 200 ppb, orally with water for 30 consecutive days to experimental groups. Animals were decapitated at 3rd, 7th, 15th, and 30th days of the administrations. Significant increases were observed in MDA levels treated with nitrosamines at all times. Serum MDA levels were found to be significantly higher in NDEA-treated animals than in control and other groups at 30th day. Liver MDA levels were highly increased in NPyr-treated group. Significant decreases were observed in the levels of vitamins A, E, and C in rats treated with nitrosamines at all times. There were also significantly negative correlations at present changes among the serum or liver MDA levels and vitamin A, E, and C levels in all nitrosamines-treated groups. These findings demonstrate that exposure at low levels of nitrosamines decreased vitamin A, E, and C levels while it attributed lipid peroxidation. Therefore, maintaining an adequate level of antioxidant vitamins in serum and liver may be necessary for the prevention or protection of long-term nitrosamine exposures.