4A沸石分子筛处理中低浓度氨氮废水

利用天然沸石、采用水热合成法制备4A沸石分子筛,用XRD和SEM进行了表征。通过考察吸附剂用量、pH、共存金属阳离子、吸附时间、氨氮废水初始浓度、温度对吸附性能的影响,结合动力学方程、吸附等温线、热力学函数等研究了吸附性能和机理。结果表明,当4 g/L的4A沸石分子筛在废水pH值为4~8的条件下对中低浓度氨氮吸附120min后,去除率可达88%;废水中共存单一金属阳离子(Pb2+、Cu2+、Ca2+和Mg2+)浓度大于100 mg/L时,对中低浓度的NH+4有强烈的竞争吸附;氨氮的吸附过程较好地符合准二级动力学方程、Freundlich模型,是一种混乱度增加、自发的放热过程。     

四级三相式生物流化床分段进水工艺脱氮效能

对四级三相式生物流化床分段进水工艺脱氮效能进行了研究。通过改变进水C/N比、水力停留时间(HRT)和污泥回流比,考察了系统的脱氮效能,并与流化床A/O工艺脱氮效能进行对比。出水氨氮均小于1 mg/L,去除率保持在97%以上,TN去除率最高可达90%,出水水质均能够保证达标。在相同水质和运行条件下,将四级三相式生物流化床分段进水工艺与流化床A/O工艺进行对比,前者从脱氮效能和节约能源方面均表现出较强的优势。四级三相式生物流化床分段进水工艺无需外加碳源和内回流系统,是一种低碳节能的污水脱氮新工艺。     

Removal of phenolic estrogen pollutants from different sources of water using molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres

The efficiency and effects of using Bisphenol A-molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres (MIPMs) to remove phenolic estrogens from different sources of water were evaluated. MIPMs prepared by precipitation polymerization removed a group of phenolic estrogens from different kinds of water selectively and effectively. The highest removal efficiency was observed at pH=5. Fifty millimoles per litre ions or 10mg/L humid acid improved removal efficiency. MIPMs were more suitable to remove trace estrogens in large volume than high concentration of estrogens in small volume. The removal efficiency of spiked tap water, lake water and river water were better than that of distilled water. Hundred milligrams of MIPMs had higher removal selectivity and efficiency than those of 100mg or 300mg activated carbons. Moreover, MIPMs can be re-used for at least 30 times without losing any removal efficiency. MIPMs provided a selective, simple, reliable and practicable solution to remove trace phenolic estrogens from different sources of water.     

Induced cytochrome P450 1A activity in cichlid fishes from Guandu River and Jacarepaguá Lake, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The induction of cytochrome P4501A-mediated activity (e.g. ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation, EROD) has been used as a biomarker for monitoring fish exposure to AhR-receptor ligands such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs). In this study we found that hepatic EROD is induced in fish ("Nile tilapia", Oreochromis niloticus and "acará", Geophagus brasiliensis) from the Guandu River (7-17-fold) and Jacarepaguá Lake (7-fold), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Since both cichlid fish are consumed by the local population and the Guandu River is the main source of the drinking water supply for the greater Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, pollution by cytochrome P4501A-inducing chemicals is a cause for concern and should be further investigated in sediments, water and biota. We additionally showed that EROD activity in the fish liver post-mitochondrial supernatant-simpler, cheaper and less time consuming to prepare than the microsomal fraction-is sufficiently sensitive for monitoring purposes.     

基于ARM和Linux的数据采集系统及其在电能质量监测中的应用

本文从数据采集的实际需求出发,提出以32位ARM920T内核的S3C2440A微处理器为核心,在基于Linux嵌入式操作系统以及Qtopia图形界面的软件平台上,移植网页服务器Boa,形成具有图形界面显示、网页发布、数据采集、存储、传输等功能的数据采集系统平台。在此平台基础上,通过应用接口电路的扩展和用户程序的设计,研制了一款电能质量监测终端,实现了电网电量参数的数据采集、处理与存储工作。该设备还可将采集到的数据通过GPRS无线网络发送到上位机,结合上位机软件对电能质量进行监测、分析。随着电力系统电能质量监测装置趋向小型化、智能化,该系统将会得到广泛的推广和应用。     

分点进水对倒置A2/O工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响

在传统A2/O工艺基础上,提出了将缺氧池置于厌氧池前面的分点进水倒置A2/O工艺。通过改变α（进入厌氧区的污水分量）与β（进入缺氧区的污水分量）的比例,考察对倒置A2/O工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响。实验结果表明,当α：β为7∶3时,达到最佳的脱氮除磷效率,分别为74.3%和71.2%。     

Ubiquity of bisphenol A in the atmosphere

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a suspected endocrine disruptor in the environment. However, little is known about its distribution and transport in the atmosphere. Here, the concentrations of BPA in the atmospheric aerosols from urban, rural, marine, and the polar regions were measured using solvent extraction/derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique. The concentrations of BPA (1-17,400 pg m⁻³) ranged over 4 orders of magnitude in the world with a declining trend from the continent (except for the Antarctica) to remote sites. A positive correlation was found between BPA and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, a tracer for plastic burning, in urban regions, indicating that the open burning of plastics in domestic waste should be a significant emission source of atmospheric BPA. Our results suggest that the ubiquity of BPA in the atmosphere may raise a requirement for the evaluation of health effects of BPA in order to control its emission sources, for example, from plastic burning.     

Distribution of pesticides and bisphenol A in sediments collected from rivers adjacent to coral reefs

To investigate the deteriorating health of coral reefs in Okinawa, Japan, natural sediment samples were analyzed for diuron, Irgarol 1051, chlorpyrifos, and bisphenol A (BPA) which are hazardous to corals. Samples were analyzed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS). Although diuron and chlorpyrifos usage is only well recorded for farms and not for cities, these chemicals were detected in both rural and urban areas. Additionally, diuron concentration in urban areas was in some cases higher than in rural areas, which might be caused by greater consumption of these chemicals in home gardens in city areas. Irgarol 1051 was detected in downstream river areas, which are situated far from the source sites such as pier or fishery harbor (0.6–3.2 km). This result suggested that Irgarol 1051 could be transported from the river mouths to the sampling sites during flood tides. High BPA concentrations were associated with urban areas (<1.2–22.0 μg kg⁻¹), while low concentrations were associated with rural areas (nd–6.8 μg kg⁻¹). The river sediments under study are delivered to coral reefs in large quantity through runoff caused by typhoons and other heavy rains. The highly hazardous chemicals are carried into coral reefs on these sediments. Therefore, these hazardous chemical substances may already be influencing the coral reefs.     

SRT对A2/O-MBBR工艺中聚磷菌特性的影响

采用强化生物除磷系统(A~2/O-MBBR)联合工艺,在不同污泥龄(SRT)(20 d、15 d、10 d、6 d、3 d)的条件下,考察A~2/O系统各区聚磷菌生化代谢特性的变化。结果表明,A~2/O-MBBR联合工艺采用双泥系统,分相培养了硝化菌和聚磷菌,该系统的微环境有利于自养型硝化菌的生长和积累,硝化反应已不是A~2/O-MBBR联合工艺运行的限制因素,SRT缩短对系统中总氮(TN)、化学需氧量(COD)去除效果影响不大,可溶性正磷酸盐(SOP)去除率随SRT缩短而逐步上升,SRT为3 d时去除率最大为94%。聚-β-羟基丁酸(PHB)是聚磷菌(PAOs)去除污染物所需碳源和能量的中转站,在胞内聚合物与能量转化过程中起重要作用,不同SRT下胞内聚合物的代谢含量与释磷、吸磷含量有密切关系,代谢量越多,释磷、吸磷量越多。SRT为6 d时,厌氧段聚磷菌具有最佳的释磷性能,形成了具有显著释磷作用的菌种。缺氧区胞内聚合物代谢规律与好氧区相似,对于反硝化聚磷菌来说,在SRT为10 d时对PHB的利用率最高,代谢活性最好;而对于传统聚磷菌来说,在SRT为6 d时其代谢性能最佳,且聚磷菌占全菌比例最大。短泥龄条件有利于提高胞内聚合物的单位污泥质量分数、驯化出积累PHB质量分数较高的微生物种群,其中SRT为6 d时各胞内聚合物含量最高,A~2/O-MBBR联合工艺的处理效果最佳。     

浅层地下水升降对菜地土壤剖面硝化/反硝化微生物丰度的影响

为揭示湖泊近岸浅层地下水升降对菜地土壤剖面硝化与反硝化功能微生物基因丰度的影响,以洱海湖滨带菜地土壤剖面为研究对象,通过模拟地下水升降过程,分析了水位升高(S1)、水位降低(S2)及落干(S3)过程中土壤剖面AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA、nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度的变化特征,探讨了功能基因与土壤环境因子的耦合关系.结果表明:S3阶段的土壤剖面AOA-amoA和AOB-amoA基因丰度显著高于S1和S2;S1阶段的土壤剖面nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度均显著高于S2和S3.AOA-amoA基因丰度显著高于AOB-amoA基因丰度,nirS基因丰度显著高于nirK、nosZ基因丰度;不同取样时期的土壤剖面AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA、nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度均表现为A层B层C层D层.水位升降对土壤剖面AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA、nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度有显著影响,且AOA-amoA和nirS基因对水位升降更敏感,分别在硝化与反硝化作用中占主导地位;pH、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)为功能基因AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA的环境驱动因子,而功能基因nirK、nirS、nosZ的环境驱动因子为土壤含水量(W)、铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)、硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)、TN、SOC、pH.该研究结果可为揭示浅层地下水升降过程中菜地土壤剖面氮素循环的微生物学机制提供科学依据.