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151.
Urban ecological risks stemming from urbanization are increasing and limiting the capability of China to effectuate sustainable urban development. Therefore, addressing urban ecological risks is an urgent need. Numerous factors are involved in urban ecological risks, including air, water, and soil. Additionally, risk sources and risk receptors are complex and diverse. In this study, urban ecological risks are defined as adverse effects and possibility of impacts on urban ecosystem services resulting from urbanization. Urbanization is recognized as the risk source, and the urban ecosystem is considered the risk receptor. Based on this understanding, the components of urban ecological risks are defined, and the relationships between the components of urban ecological risks are illuminated by establishing an indicator system. Based on previous studies on urban ecological risks, an explicit framework for identification, assessment, and management of urban ecological risks is proposed. For purposes of identification, there are three types of risk sources: population growth, industrial development, and the expansion of built land. Stressors include the accumulation of contaminants, consumption of resources, and occupation of space. Assessment endpoints are divided into provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. In response to urban ecological risks having multiple stressors and multiple assessment endpoints, we assessed risks both with a single stressor/single endpoint and comprehensive ecological risks. In our framework, the physical or material assessment of ecosystem services is adopted as the core method for the analysis of urban ecological risk, because it is believed that the analysis of urban ecological risk should be based on the physical or material assessment of ecosystem services instead of the value assessment of ecosystem services. The results of the single value assessment of urban ecosystem services will cause the deviation from the purpose of urban ecosystem services assessment. The purpose of urban ecosystem services assessment is to maintain and/or improve the capability of urban ecosystems of providing physical or material services, and further to reduce or avoid the occurrence risks of unsustainable cities. Additionally, a multi-level characterization method was adopted for the results of urban ecological risk assessment. In this study, we established a platform to manage urban ecological risks based on landscape ecology and environmental internet of things technologies, and to effectuate online urban ecological risk identification, assessment, and management via this platform. 相似文献
152.
农业可持续发展状态评价指标(体系)框架及其分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
周海林 《生态与农村环境学报》1999,(3)
通过对农业活动、农业政策与农业环境变化关系的研究,提出了反映农业可持续发展状态的指标结构以及面向农业决策的状态指标分析框架,建议采用“离差法”来评价农业系统的可持续发展状态,其评价结果可以用来判断和制定正确的农业政策;同时还论述了状态评价的具体方法、步骤及评价标准 相似文献
153.
154.
中共中央办公厅和国务院办公厅印发的《生态环境损害赔偿制度改革试点方案》已经明确提出了生态环境损害的赔偿问题,对生态环境本身造成损害需要承担责任将成为中国法治时代又一个崭新的命题,对生态环境造成损害担责因何而生、又因何而立?生态环境损害责任确立的理论根据到底是什么?笔者认为只有明确生态环境损害责任确立的理论基础,才能促进生态损害赔偿制度的有效构建与救济机制的健康运行,才能为"美丽中国"建设提供法治保障。本文以马克思主义生态文明观为研究视角,探讨了生态文明观作为中国生态环境损害责任确立的理论基础之科学性与合理性。本文研究发现,马克思主义生态文明观不仅扫清了环境损害责任确立的思想和认识障碍,而且回应了个别学者对环境损害责任成立的质疑,为环境损害责任的确立奠定了思想和理论基础;不仅如此,生态文明观还为环境损害责任的实施提供了政治、经济、文化、技术和法治保障,是生态文明观孕育了环境损害责任。本文进一步分析了生态文明观之所以能够孕育环境损害责任制度的原因,是因为生态文明观与环境损害责任有诸多内在的共同性:生态文明观与环境损害责任之间同根同源,都起源于生态环境危机的时代背景,直接目的就是为了实现环境保护,共同的手段就是环境法治,最深层次的共同价值追求是实现人与自然的和谐共生。中国未来生态环境损害责任制度的建立与运行,应当自觉坚持以马克思主义生态文明观为指导,自觉将马克思主义生态文明观作为思想指南和理论渊源。 相似文献
155.
An oil spill in July 2003 from the tanker Tasman Spirit attracted considerable public and media attention in Pakistan. This paper focuses on the experience of a developing country such as Pakistan in dealing with a major oil spill and its impact on bringing about change in the national regulatory framework. A major outcome has been the ratification of the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1992, which came into force in March 2006 in Pakistan. The convention provides a compensation mechanism for victims incurring oil pollution damages from maritime casualties involving oil laden ships. Several additional changes are still required to improve the country's ability to cope with marine oil spills. These include the development of a comprehensive domestic regulatory framework, implementation of an effective contingency plan, and capacity building of all relevant agencies. 相似文献
156.
我国流域水资源管理模式理论创新初探 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在以水资源过度开发、水环境污染、水资源短缺及用水效率和效益低下为主要标志的水危机日益凸显的今天,探寻和构建与中国国情相适应、并能反映先进生态水文化的现代水资源管理模式,是解决我国流域目前面临的水问题、应对未来不断加剧的水危机、实现区域经济与社会可持续发展的必由之路和战略抉择.在对国内外水资源管理模式的发展动态及研究进展系统评述的基础上,本文提出从传统的以行政区域为单元、以政府为主导、以供水管理为核心的水资源管理模式向以流域为单元、以市场为主导、以需水管理为基础的水资源综合管理模式的转变,是未来我国流域水资源管理模式理论创新的重要发展方向,并从流域水资源的管理制度、文化体系、管理模式、法律及政策体系方面进行详细论述. 相似文献
157.
Ching-Ho Chen Ray-Shyan Wu Wei-Lin Liu Wen-Ray Su Yu-Min Chang 《Environmental management》2009,43(1):166-188
Some countries, including Taiwan, have adopted strategic environmental assessment (SEA) to assess and modify proposed policies,
plans, and programs (PPPs) in the planning phase for pursuing sustainable development. However, there were only some sketchy
steps focusing on policy assessment in the system of Taiwan. This study aims to develop a methodology for SEA in Taiwan to
enhance the effectiveness associated with PPPs. The proposed methodology comprises an SEA procedure involving PPP management
and assessment in various phases, a sustainable assessment framework, and an SEA management system. The SEA procedure is devised
based on the theoretical considerations by systems thinking and the regulative requirements in Taiwan. The positive and negative
impacts on ecology, society, and economy are simultaneously considered in the planning (including policy generation and evaluation),
implementation, and control phases of the procedure. This study used the analytic hierarchy process, Delphi technique, and
systems analysis to develop a sustainable assessment framework. An SEA management system was built based on geographic information
system software to process spatial, attribute, and satellite image data during the assessment procedure. The proposed methodology
was applied in the SEA of golf course installation policy in 2001 as a case study, which was the first SEA in Taiwan. Most
of the 82 existing golf courses in 2001 were installed on slope lands and caused a serious ecological impact. Assessment results
indicated that 15 future golf courses installed on marginal lands (including buffer zones, remedied lands, and wastelands)
were acceptable because the comprehensive environmental (ecological, social, and economic) assessment value was better based
on environmental characteristics and management regulations of Taiwan. The SEA procedure in the planning phase for this policy
was completed but the implementation phase of this policy was not begun because the related legislation procedure could not
be arranged due to a few senators’ resistance. A self-review of the control phase was carried out in 2006 using this methodology.
Installation permits for 12 courses on slope lands were terminated after 2001 and then 27 future courses could be installed
on marginal lands. The assessment value of this policy using the data on ecological, social, and economic conditions from
2006 was higher than that using the data from 2001. The analytical results illustrate that the proposed methodology can be
used to effectively and efficiently assist the related authorities for SEA. 相似文献
158.
基于空间信息技术的城市环境时空调控范式研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
城市环境-生态系统是高度复杂的时空复合动力学系统。通过对城市环境问题的空间动力学机制分析后,提出城市环境可持续发展时空调控的层次途径,并构造了融合遥感、地理信息系统等空间信息技术、环境建模技术、决策支持系统、人工智能等技术的城市生态-环境系统时空调控的体系框架,为城市环境管理及环境空间决策提供新的理论范。 相似文献
159.
160.