A framework for evaluating and designing citizen science programs for natural resources monitoring

We present a framework of resource characteristics critical to the design and assessment of citizen science programs that monitor natural resources. To develop the framework we reviewed 52 citizen science programs that monitored a wide range of resources and provided insights into what resource characteristics are most conducive to developing citizen science programs and how resource characteristics may constrain the use or growth of these programs. We focused on 4 types of resource characteristics: biophysical and geographical, management and monitoring, public awareness and knowledge, and social and cultural characteristics. We applied the framework to 2 programs, the Tucson (U.S.A.) Bird Count and the Maui (U.S.A.) Great Whale Count. We found that resource characteristics such as accessibility, diverse institutional involvement in resource management, and social or cultural importance of the resource affected program endurance and success. However, the relative influence of each characteristic was in turn affected by goals of the citizen science programs. Although the goals of public engagement and education sometimes complimented the goal of collecting reliable data, in many cases trade‐offs must be made between these 2 goals. Program goals and priorities ultimately dictate the design of citizen science programs, but for a program to endure and successfully meet its goals, program managers must consider the diverse ways that the nature of the resource being monitored influences public participation in monitoring.     

生态红线管控绩效考核技术方案及制度保障研究

基于生态红线管控绩效考核必要性的分析,在尽可能规避目前我国环境绩效考核诸多弊端的前提下,制定了生态红线绩效考核框架及技术方案：从绩效考核主体、客体、考核内容与考核方法等方面完成了生态红线绩效考核框架的构建,确定了考核指标、计量模型和考核标准,并详细探讨了考核程序、考核成果的管理与应用等问题。研究旨在为地方政府实施生态红线管控绩效考核提供支撑。     

城乡融合评价研究综述：内涵辨识、理论认知与体系重构

科学的城乡融合评价是城乡融合工作的重要环节,是建立健全城乡融合体制机制的基础。以“内涵辨识—理论认知—体系重构”为逻辑主线,从城乡融合的概念内涵、基础理论、评价指标、评价方法、评价尺度及演化机理等方面,开展城乡融合评价综述。研究表明：学界对城乡融合概念与内涵的认识基本一致,且已有一定理论基础;城乡融合评价指标选取呈现多维化、多属性化特征,但指标体系构建尚未突破静态性层面;定量评价方法较为单一;研究尺度整体偏向中宏观,缺少微观视角下的量化以及不同融合模式对比研究;城乡融合的时空分异格局及其机理研究亟待进一步深化。对此,提出了以下五点展望：（1）加强基础理论体系建设,完善系统研究框架构建;（2）优化多维评价指标体系,识别城乡融合发展模式;（3）深化城乡要素流动机制,推动城乡空间均衡发展;（4）加强微观尺度细节挖掘,健全城乡融合推进机制;（5）强化数字经济赋能作用,创新城乡高质量融合发展机制。     

灾害风险视角下的城市安全评估及其驱动机制分析——以滁州市中心城区为例

全球自然灾害以及城市化进程中的人为灾害频发,严重制约着城市的生存和安全发展。以典型的灾害多发地区滁州市中心城区为例,基于压力—状态—响应（Pressure-State-Response,PSR）概念框架,构建了各单灾种风险评价指标体系,利用耦合激励模型复合单灾种风险评估结果,定量测度了研究区的城市安全风险分布特征,并运用地理探测器对城市安全风险进行了驱动机制分析。结果表明：（1）研究区的城市安全风险等级占比从低到高分别为2.49%、8.71%、41.08%、30.47%和17.25%,以中风险占主导。在空间上,城市安全风险表现为中部高于周围边缘区域,呈现出由核心区往外逐步减弱的格局特征。（2）6个驱动因子对城市安全风险的解释力强度为人口密度（0.404）>地均GDP（0.402）>建筑承灾能力（0.095）>植被覆盖度（0.078）>路网密度（0.013）>用地类型风险（0.012）,因子交互协同作用后对结果的解释力增强。研究结果为城市安全风险评估提供了新的理论视角与研究框架,能够服务于高风险区域的灾害风险管理。     

新安江上游流域径流变化特征与归因分析

开展变化环境下新安江上游流域径流变化及其归因的研究,有助于理解湿润区水循环过程对气候变化和人类活动的响应机制。利用实测径流、气象资料和遥感植被指数（NDVI）数据,基于布迪克假设框架的弹性系数法,分析了新安江上游降水、潜在蒸散发（ET₀）和植被变化对径流的影响。结果表明：（1）实测径流序列转折点发生在1999年左右。2000-2015年径流深较1983-1999年下降了281 mm,相对变化率为20.8%,且21世纪初期径流下降尤为显著。（2）2000-2015年下垫面参数n较1983-1999年增加了52.5%,植被变化对径流影响显著增强。径流对气候变化更加敏感,且对降水敏感性超过潜在蒸散发。（3）气候变化是径流变化的主导因素,其次为植被变化。气候变化和植被变化分别导致径流深下降了145.37 mm和140.96 mm,贡献率分别为50.77%和49.23%。NDVI在2000年后增加显著（P<0.001）,植被变化的水文效应超过了降水和潜在蒸散发,未来长期的植被生态水文效应研究仍需进一步加强。     

以HKUST-1为模板制备铜氧化物活化过一硫酸氢钾降解罗丹明B

以一种Cu-MOF(HKUST-1)为模板,将其经不同温度的热处理制备铜氧化物,研究了热处理温度对产物组成及形貌的影响,并通过产物在一系列条件下活化过一硫酸氢钾(PMS)降解水体中罗丹明B(Rh B)的实验探究了其催化性能.XRD、SEM、XPS等表征结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高,产物由Cu2O/CuO混合物逐渐转化为纯相CuO,且模板HKUST-1的原有正八面体结构坍塌加剧.Rh B降解实验的结果显示,催化剂对PMS的活化性能随热处理温度的升高而加强.在中性pH条件下,当PMS投加量为1.00 mmol·L~(-1),CuO-650用量为0.20 g·L~(-1)时,反应时间进行90 min基本可实现Rh B(浓度为0.10mmol·L~(-1))的完全降解.此外,CuO-650还具有pH适用范围较广,铜离子溶出量较低(pH=3条件下为1.309 mg·L~(-1),pH=7条件下为0.987 mg·L~(-1)),循环稳定性较佳的特点,进一步证明CuO-650是一种很有潜力的PMS催化剂.     

从生态哲学角度探析中国环境教育的理论定位研究

从生态哲学的角度来思考中国环境教育的理论基础可以使环境教育实践沿着正确的目标和方向进行。文章从生态学规律、马克思主义生态文明观和生态伦理学的价值观三个方面深入探析了中国环境教育的基础理论依据、基本哲学依据和伦理思想基础,正确梳理了中国环境教育的生态哲学思想定位。旨在为防止中国环境教育的理论异化、实践偏颇提供可以借鉴的思维向导。     

化工园区安全准入理论框架探讨

目前化工行业及化学工业园区的安全准入主要依据是现行的法律、规范和标准,而化学工业及化工园区的飞速发展使得现有的规范、标准等存在严重地滞后性,远远不能满足化工园区区域安全准入及风险承载核算的要求。论文针对化工园区目前建设及发展状况,主要分析化工园区安全准入的内涵、现存状况及存在的局限性,构建化学工业园区规划及企业安全准入的基本理论框架,研究思路从化学工业园区的定性、定量风险着手,阐述准入的具体步骤、关键把握的重点以及风险承载状况,并针对国外的风险容许标准,确定适合我国化工园区的风险准入准则,最后提出下一步的研究重点,对指导我国目前化工园区安全准入具有一定的理论和现实意义。     

Mesoscale survey of western and northwestern Irish lakes – Spatial and aestival patterns in trophic status and phytoplankton community structure

Inland water bodies are considered as integrated parts of the landscape and the monitoring of water quality and aquatic resources need to be addressed on a regional basis for optimal assessment and management. In this study, a simple stratified sampling scheme was applied to a mesoscale survey of western and northwestern Irish lakes, which was carried out to identify, based on the distribution patterns of phytoplankton biomass, potential associations between lake trophic state and land cover attributes. Phytoplankton community analysis was also performed to determine whether taxa associations reflected meteorology-linked aestival succession or specific spatial distributions. The assessment was based on the typology of hydrogeomorphological and land cover attributes of river catchments through ArcGIS analysis. Sampling was carried out in 50 lakes and during a 15-week period in summer 2009. Results showed a general longitudinal gradient in the trophic status of the lakes sampled, with a greater frequency of mesotrophic lakes in the eastern part of the study area where land cover is dominated by agricultural surfaces. Significant relationships (p < 0.010) were found between chlorophyll-a concentration and the proportion of river catchment surface covered by agriculture land and wetlands, findings which might be considered further as proxies for developing an eutrophication risk index. Multivariate analysis of phytoplankton community data clustered the sampled lakes into three assemblages, with ordination along axis 1 being significantly correlated to time and temperature (p < 0.006). There was greater frequency of occurrence of diatoms in lakes from cluster III (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.05, H = 6.34, df = 2, n = 49), concomitant to lower chlorophyll-a concentrations, lake surface temperatures and Secchi depths, reflecting meteorological conditions dominated by precipitations. Those results support the potential of mesoscale surveys to assess water quality variables and detect environmental patterns at regional scales.     

基于危险源的事故致因机理及两极化管理

为提升安全风险预控的水平和有效性,探讨危险源的事故致因机理及其两极化管理思路。将危险源划分为3类,即根源危险源、理论状态危险源和实际状态危险源,其中理论状态危险源又可细分为已辨识状态危险源和未辨识状态危险源。构建危险源的事故致因机理模型,模型表明:控制失效的实际状态危险源和未辨识状态危险源是事故发生的2个主要致因。在此基础上,提出危险源的两极化管理思路,构建危险源两极化管理的实施流程。研究结论表明:企业应从两方面实施安全风险预控,即加强对实际状态危险源的控制,使其演变为事故致因的概率极小化;加强对根源危险源和理论状态危险源的辨识,做到辨识极大化。