属性识别理论模型二级评判法在城市总体环境质量评价中的运用

属性识别理论模型是近年来提出的一种数学模型，它已成功地用于质量评价中。现将该模型引用到城市总体环境质量评价中，提出运用二级评判来综合评价城市总体环境质量。经实例分析表明，属性识别理论模型用于城市总体环境质量评价比模糊综合二级评判法更合理实用，为城市总体环境质量综合评价提供了一种新方法。     

属性识别法在郑州市空气质量评价中的应用研究

阐述了评价环境空气质量的属性识别法,介绍了属性识别理论模型和属性权重的确定,通过将熵值法与属性识别理论相结合,建立了基于熵权的属性识别理论模型,并依据《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012),对郑州市城区2009年至2013年的环境空气质量进行了综合评价.结果表明:2009年至2013年郑州市城区的环境空气质量均为Ⅱ级.属性识别理论概念清晰,计算简单,评价结果比较客观.评价结果表明运用属性识别理论应用于环境空气质量综合评价是合理可信的.     

大气污染物监测数据不确定度评估方法体系建立及其对PMF源解析的影响分析

目前,正定矩阵因子法(PMF)在大气污染物来源解析中得到了广泛应用,而监测数据不确定度评估是PMF源解析的重要内容之一.当前绝大部分研究采用的数据不确定度仅通过借鉴前人的方法简单计算而得,缺乏对计算方法的合理性和适用性进行评估.本研究通过3种常用的不确定度算法交互应用建立了一套有效评估不确定度的方法体系.通过对香港荃湾站点1998—2008年PM_(10)组分监测数据进行源解析并与平行采样数据源解析结果进行对比,对该方法体系的合理性进行了验证.结果发现,应用该方法体系可以将某些常规方法无法分离的因子进一步分解,得到的源解析结果的残差值甚至小于平行采样方法解析结果的残差值,得到的因子贡献率均处于常规方法得出的因子贡献率之间.这些均表明了该方法体系所得源解析结果的可靠性和全面性.因此,本研究建立的评估不确定度的方法体系具有较强的可行性,对确保源解析结果的准确性有重要意义.     

城市环境安全事故防范与应急信息系统构架及应用——以江苏省常州市为例

针对现有环境安全事故防范与应急技术的不足,本文以江苏省常州市为研究区域,构架常州市环境风险源管理与事故应急处理系统。在风险源资料收集的基础上,结合常州市现有的地理信息系统,建立常州市环境风险源基础信息数据库;整合安全应急处置实时信息系统和常州市环境风险应急系统以及环境风险源基础信息数据库得到常州市环境风险源管理与事故应急处理系统;最后,依托软件开发技术,综合以上系统得到常州市环境风险源评估、安全事故管理与应急处理通用软件平台。     

全尺寸巷/隧道火灾风烟流温度预测模型与验证

为探究巷/隧道火灾热动力灾害的演化规律,基于能量守恒定律和热量转换关系,建立巷/隧道火灾风烟流温度演化的预测模型;考虑巷道分叉和汇合对烟气蔓延和温度的影响,构建分叉和汇合巷道内烟流温度随时间变化的演化模型。通过开展全尺寸巷道火灾实验以及与国内典型隧道火灾试验数据对比,对理论模型进行验证。研究结果表明：理论模型所呈现的烟气温度随时间的变化关系,能较好地反映火灾发展的3个阶段,烟气温度的变化趋势符合火灾火源燃烧特性曲线;理论模型能够准确地预测顶棚最大烟气温升以及温度纵向衰减现象,烟气最高温度预测值与实验结果的误差率在15%以内。研究结果可为巷/隧道火灾时期的烟气控制和救援提供理论参考。     

飞行器绕流流场脉动压力环境预示方法探讨

目的 预示飞行器绕流流场的脉动压力环境.方法 基于湍流理论,根据飞行器绕流流场脉动压力的产生机理、流动特征及其研究难度进行分析,从理论研究、风洞实验、数值模拟等研究手段探讨脉动压力环境的预示方法 ,并考虑工程问题中飞行器绕流的高马赫数、高雷诺数特征,对比不同研究方法 的优劣.结果 风洞实验是获取飞行器脉动压力环境的有力...     

Sharing goals by timely communication improves fishermen's satisfaction with marine protected areas: A case study in the Mediterranean

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are considered as a valid tool for mitigating the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems. Their success depends upon their acceptance by implicated stakeholders and on the integration of the stakeholder groups into their management. This integration is especially important with regard to fishermen, whose interests are the most directly affected by MPAs. The relational coordination method posits that effective communication and supportive relationships among stakeholders result in positive stakeholder behaviors and a more effective management of the system. Applying its principles, we designed a survey to evaluate the satisfaction of fishermen associated with five MPAs in the Spanish Mediterranean and determine what mechanisms affect fishermen’s acceptance of MPAs. Our results demonstrate that effective communication is particularly important for good supportive relationships and satisfaction among fishermen and other stakeholder groups, as well as satisfaction with the MPA. Sharing objectives with fishermen through timely communication is the primary mechanism to improve fishermen''s satisfaction and ameliorate perceptions towards MPA. To address this issue, we recommend more substantial integration of fishermen in the co-management of MPAs.     

Human–wildlife coexistence in a changing world

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is a key topic in conservation and agricultural research. Decision makers need evidence-based information to design sustainable management plans and policy instruments. However, providing objective decision support can be challenging because realities and perceptions of human–wildlife interactions vary widely between and within rural, urban, and peri-urban areas. Land users who incur costs through wildlife argue that wildlife-related losses should be compensated and that prevention should be subsidized. Supporters of human–wildlife coexistence policies, such as urban-dwelling people, may not face threats to their livelihoods from wildlife. Such spatial heterogeneity in the cost and benefits of living with wildlife is germane in most contemporary societies. This Special Section features contributions on wildlife-induced damages that range from human perspectives (land use, psychology, governance, local attitudes and perceptions, costs and benefits, and HWC and coexistence theory) to ecological perspectives (animal behavior). Building on current literature and articles in this section, we developed a conceptual model to help frame HWC and coexistence dimensions. The framework can be used to determine damage prevention implementation levels and approaches to HWC resolution. Our synthesis revealed that inter- and transdisciplinary approaches and multilevel governance approaches can help stakeholders and institutions implement sustainable management strategies that promote human–wildlife coexistence.     

城市生活垃圾循环利用系统物质代谢框架的构建

讨论了传统的物质流分析（MFA）方法用于城市生活垃圾代谢分析的适用性及不足之处,在此基础上结合城市生活垃圾的处理流程,对传统的MFA框架进行了改进,构建了适合城市生活垃圾代谢分析的框架,并对新框架的3个模块进行了详细的说明,建立了相应的评价指标体系并给出了应用实例。城市生活垃圾循环利用系统物质代谢分析框架能够清楚地描述生活垃圾进入经济系统后的具体流向和流量,为描述城市生活垃圾的代谢情况提供了定性及定量化的分析工具。     

On the scope and management of pesticide pollution of Swedish groundwater resources: The Scanian example

Twenty-three south-Swedish public supply wells were studied to assess pesticide pollution of regional groundwater resources. Relations between pesticide occurrence, hydrogeology, and land use were analyzed using Kohonen’s Self-Organizing Maps approach. Pesticides are demonstrated to be substantially present in regional groundwater, with detections in 18 wells. Concentrations above the drinking water threshold are confirmed for nine wells. Observations indicate considerable urban influence, and lagged effects of past, less restricted use. Modern, oxic waters from shallow, unconfined, unconsolidated or fracture-type bedrock aquifers appear particularly vulnerable. Least affected waters appear primarily associated with deeper wells, anoxic conditions, and more confined sediment aquifers lacking urban influence. Comprehensive, standardized monitoring of pesticides in groundwater need to be implemented nationwide to enable sound assessments of pollution status and trends, and to develop sound groundwater management plans in accordance with the Water Framework Directive. Further, existing water protection areas and associated regulations need to be reassessed.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0548-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.