火电厂锅炉炉膛灭火放炮事故树分析

针对火力发电厂锅炉炉膛灭火放炮的典型事故,采用事故树分析法进行定性分析,以便更有效地制定预防措施。     

石煤渣保温材料的配方研究

以石煤渣为主要原料研制应用于工业窑炉的保温材料，具有较高的耐压强度和使用温度，导热率低。本文通过分析各原料的主要作用，研究了不同原料掺量对材料性能的影响，从而得到了石煤渣保温材料合理的配方范围为：石煤渣４０％～６０％、可燃造孔物３０％～４０％、粘结剂１２％～２０％、外加剂０．１０％～０．２０％。     

Revisit ocean thermal energy conversion system

The earth, covered more than70.8% by the ocean, receives most of itsenergy from the sun. Solar energy istransmitted through the atmosphere andefficiently collected and stored in thesurface layer of the ocean, largely in thetropical zone. Some of the energy isre-emitted to the atmosphere to drive thehydrologic cycle and wind. The wind fieldreturns some of the energy to the ocean inthe form of waves and currents. Themajority of the absorbed solar energy isstored in vertical thermal gradients nearthe surface layer of the ocean, most ofwhich is in the tropical region. Thisthermal energy replenished each day by thesun in the tropical ocean represents atremendous pollution-free energy resourcefor human civilization. Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion (OTEC) technology refersto a mechanical system that utilizes thenatural temperature gradient that exists inthe tropical ocean between the warm surfacewater and the deep cold water, to generateelectricity and produce other economicallyvaluable by-products. The science andengineering behind OTEC have been studiedin the US since the mid-seventies,supported early by the U.S. Government andlater by State and private industries.There are two general types of OTECdesigns: closed-cycle plants utilize theevaporation of a working fluid, such asammonia or propylene, to drive theturbine-generator, and open-cycle plantsuse steam from evaporated sea water to runthe turbine. Another commonly known design,hybrid plants, is a combination of the two.OTEC requires relatively low operation andmaintenance costs and no fossil fuelconsumption.OTEC system possesses a formidablepotential capacity for renewable energy andoffers a significant elimination ofgreenhouse gases in producing power. Inaddition to electricity and drinking water,an OTEC system can produce many valuableby-products and side-utilizations, such as:hydrogen, air-conditioning, ice,aquaculture, and agriculture, etc. Thepotential of these by-products, especiallydrinking water, aquaculture andmariculture, can easily translate intobillions of dollars in businessopportunities. The current status of theOTEC system definitely deserves to becarefully revisited. This paper willexamine recent major advancements intechnology, evaluate costs andeffectiveness, and assess the overallmarket environment of the OTEC system anddescribe its great renewable energypotential and overall benefits to thenations of the world.     

碱渣与生活垃圾混合填埋的实验研究

以碱渣(白泥)和生活垃圾按不同比例混合填埋,模拟真实垃圾填埋场的垃圾降解条件,进行垃圾降解实验以探索白泥存在对垃圾填埋场垃圾降解过程的影响。通过21周的室内模拟实验,垃圾填埋时填加白泥可以提高渗滤液出水的pH值和电导率DS值,降低出水的COD值。得出垃圾填埋时加入适量白泥是经济有效的固体废弃物处理处置方法的结论。     

脉冲放电等离子体烟气脱硫脱硝工业试验

40000—50000Nm^3／h工业试验结果表明：烟气温度75℃-80℃，脱硫效率大于90％，脱硝效率大于40％，烟气温度90℃-95℃，脱硫效率大于80％，脱硝效率大于50％；能耗小于3.0Wh／Nm^2；随着温度升高，SO2热化学反应效率逐渐降低；随着氨硫化学计量比增大，氨泄漏逐渐增加，烟气温度90℃。95％，氨泄漏增加更为迅速。并分析了副产物的成分，阐述了脱硫脱硝的机理，探讨了烟气排放的温度。     

热改性活性炭吸附甲萘威的性能

在N2保护下采用不同高温对活性炭进行热改性,得到了4种改性活性炭(AC-1至AC-4)。采用气体吸附仪、Boehm滴定、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对活性炭表面的物化性质进行了表征。通过等温吸附试验考察了改性前后活性炭对甲萘威的吸附性能,确定了最佳改性温度为600℃,探讨了活性炭的吸附能力与其表面物化性质之间的关系。结果表明:热改性使活性炭表面的物化性质发生了改变,活性炭对甲萘威的吸附量与其比表面积、孔容、表面酸性官能团和O元素含量具有显著相关性;活性炭对甲萘威的吸附行为符合准二级吸附动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附方程,颗粒内扩散模型表明内扩散不是控制活性炭吸附速率的唯一阶段。     

Streamflow Forecasting Using Singular Value Decomposition and Support Vector Machine for the Upper Rio Grande River Basin

The current study improves streamflow forecast lead‐time by coupling climate information in a data‐driven modeling framework. The spatial–temporal correlation between streamflow and oceanic–atmospheric variability represented by sea surface temperature (SST), 500‐mbar geopotential height (Z₅₀₀), 500‐mbar specific humidity (SH₅₀₀), and 500‐mbar east–west wind (U₅₀₀) of the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean is obtained through singular value decomposition (SVD). SVD significant regions are weighted using a nonparametric method and utilized as input in a support vector machine (SVM) framework. The Upper Rio Grande River Basin (URGRB) is selected to test the applicability of the proposed model for the period of 1965–2014. The April–August streamflow volume is forecasted using previous year climate variability, creating a lagged relationship of 1–13 months. SVD results showed the streamflow variability was better explained by SST and U₅₀₀ as compared to Z₅₀₀ and SH₅₀₀. The SVM model showed satisfactory forecasting ability with best results achieved using a one‐month lead to forecast the following four‐month period. Overall, the SVM results showed excellent predictive ability with average correlation coefficient of 0.89 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.79. This study contributes toward identifying new SVD significant regions and improving streamflow forecast lead‐time of the URGRB.     

Fe2O3@SCe多相芬顿催化剂的制备及其降解放热性能

为研究多相Fenton体系降解有机污水过程的放热规律,为污水处理的能源化利用提供技术支撑,本文以半焦（SCe）为载体,制备了Fe₂O₃@SCe新型复合材料,并对复合材料进行了BET、FTIR、XRD、SEM表征,研究了Fe₂O₃@SCe/H₂O₂多相Fenton体系处理邻苯二胺（OPD）模拟废水的降解性能和放热规律.结果表明,Fe₂O₃均匀负载于SCe颗粒表面,Fe₂O₃@SCe复合材料保留了改性SCe的多孔形态和强吸附性,在3.1~8.9的pH值范围内均表现出较高的催化活性;Fe₂O₃@SCe/H₂O₂多相Fenton体系在去离子水中自身分解和在邻苯二胺模拟废水的降解反应都释放了大量的热量,在[OPD]= 0.04mol/L;pH=7.8;T₀=30℃;[H₂O₂]=0.25mol/L;[Fe₂O₃@Sce]=533g/L;t=180min反应条件下的溶液温度升高数值为7.1℃,降解率为88.2%; H₂O₂的投加浓度是影响反应放热量的主要因素.     

基于热异常探测的北京水泥厂大气污染排放评估

为对水泥行业实现大气污染排放动态监测,反映污染排放的时空分布特征,提出基于热异常点探测数据的新型干法水泥气态污染物排放量测算方法.利用VIIRS热异常点的FRP(fire radiation power,辐射功率)参数结合水泥产业结构特点,建立FRP与污染物排放之间的定量估算关系.利用2013—2017年北京市水泥生产统计信息和热异常点探测数据进行了大气污染排放评估,结果显示:①利用热异常产品的FRP参数估算北京市水泥厂的污染排放水平,利用NO_x和SO₂排放量的统计数据对排放估算值进行相关性验证,二者统计值与估算值之间的相关性系数分别为0.65和0.63.②2013—2017年北京市所有水泥厂的热异常点数据与环境统计数据中水泥总产量、熟料总产量、煤炭总产量以及NO_x、SO₂和烟(粉)尘排放量的相关性均较好,相关性系数均在0.7左右.③自2013年以来,北京市金隅琉水环保科技有限公司和北京金隅北水环保科技有限公司的热异常点数均呈下降趋势.由于采取了减排措施,水泥总产量和污染排放量也均呈逐年减少的趋势.研究显示,基于热异常点探测数据的新型干法水泥气态污染物排放量测算方法可快速获取水泥厂的位置信息、热释放规模,结合污染排放因子可间接评估水泥厂NO_x和SO₂等主要污染物的排放情况.      

闽三角地区碳排放时空差异及影响因素研究

以闽三角地区为研究对象,以2005~2017年为研究期,构建城市尺度的碳排放清单,应用对数平均迪氏指数分解方法从时间维度的纵向比较和典型年份城市横向比较两个维度开展了驱动因素的分解分析及评价,探讨了闽三角碳排放变化影响因素的时空差异.结果显示：研究期内闽三角CO₂排放增长较快,从2005年的74.08Mt增加到2017年169.48Mt,增幅为128.75%.其中,泉州贡献最大,占比为67.93%.碳排放变化趋势分析来看,产业结构和经济增长为导致闽三角地区碳排放量增长的主要因素,累计贡献度分别为30.38%和12.21%,能源结构为抑制碳排放的重要影响因素,累计贡献度为-45.76%.时空差异上看,能源结构效应在研究期内均表现为抑制效应,最大贡献率为52.95%;而产业结构效应均表现为促进效应,最大贡献率为33.85%.在研究期内,漳州市碳减排力度最大,最大净减排148.27Mt.而泉州市经济增长和产业结构效应贡献率较大,未来仍具有较大的减排空间.厦门市经济增长和产业结构效应贡献率均低于参考值,且在研究期内变动幅度较小,碳减排压力较低.研究结果深化了闽三角地区碳排放的时空格局及影响因素的科学认识,为闽三角地区及相似城市群的减排治理提供了有益借鉴.