自然贮存环境下某型控制舱贮存寿命评估

目的评估自然贮存环境下某型控制舱贮存寿命。方法针对历年统计的控制舱成败型、不完全故障数据,假设其服从指数分布族、Weibull分布族、极值分布族、对数正态分布族,结合工程实际处理异常数据、"倒挂"数据,采用极小x2估计对分布函数的参数进行估计,采用极小x2检验对各分布函数的合理性进行验证,计算"服从不同自由度下的x2分布随机变量"检验的拟合优度。结果得到了控制舱贮存可靠性分布函数。结论通过统计的故障数据,验证了所提出数学模型评估方法的适用性和正确性,得到了在置信度为0.90、可靠度为0.95条件下控制舱的自然贮存寿命。     

预腐蚀LY12CZ铝合金的疲劳寿命预测模型

目的研究铝合金预腐蚀疲劳的寿命评估模型。方法利用损伤力学模型,建立预腐蚀构件疲劳寿命预测模型,并利用LY12CZ铝合金进行预腐蚀疲劳的验证性实验。结果利用损伤力学建立的模型所得到的预腐蚀铝合金试件的疲劳寿命与实验结果吻合程度良好。结论基于损伤力学的铝合金预腐蚀疲劳寿命预测模型合理有效。     

热脱附-气相色谱法测定空气中的总挥发性有机化合物研究

建立了热脱附-毛细管气相色谱法测定空气中苯、甲苯、乙酸丁酯、乙苯、对/间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯和十一烷等挥发性有机物的检测方法。九种挥发性有机物在一定浓度范围内标准曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0.997~0.999之间。检出限在0.002~0.005 mg/m3(采样体积1.0 L计)。用该方法检测了企业产生的有机废气及厂区周边环境空气,实验结果表明该方法灵敏度高、操作简单、重现性好、准确可靠,能够满足对实际样品的分析要求。     

金属氧化物降解六氯苯的活性比较及催化机理研究

以氧化铝(α-Al_2O_3、γ-Al_2O_3)、氧化钙(CaO)、过渡金属氧化物(Mn O_2、α-Fe_2O_3、γ-Fe_2O_3、Ni_2O_3、CuO)为催化剂,考察了催化剂种类、添加比例等因素对六氯苯(Hexachlorobenzene,HCB)降解效果和产物组分的影响.结果表明,催化效果随催化剂添加比例的提高显著增加.在反应温度为350℃,反应时间1 h,金属氧化物添加比例为100∶1的条件下,碱土金属氧化物CaO及过渡金属氧化物中的α-Fe_2O_3和Ni_2O_3降解活性较好,这3种氧化物对HCB的降解率分别达到65.5%、100.0%和100.0%,脱氯率D_1分别为54.4%、81.9%和77.5%.HCB降解有机产物分析结果显示,8种金属氧化物与HCB样品反应产物中均存在低氯代苯,在α-Fe_2O_3和Ni_2O_3的催化作用下有2~4氯代低氯苯检出,说明在降解过程中存在明显的逐级脱氯/加氢反应;与CaO反应后的产物中低氯代苯较少,经拉曼光谱定性分析,有无序碳的检出,说明除了脱氯/加氢还存在脱氯缩合反应.     

承德建龙3#高炉炉役后期安全生产特点

承德建龙3#高炉第1代炉役后期,炉身冷却壁大量损坏,炉缸部分冷却壁水温差超高,炉底、炉基温度达到安全警戒线,炉壳多处开裂变形,依靠外部打水维持生产的情况下,通过采取加强高炉操作,设备维护管理等技术措施,保证了高炉安全生产.     

基于红外热成像的隧道火焰检测技术研究

精准的火焰检测是有效避免火灾发生的关键,针对传统的火灾探测算法在公路隧道等大空间环境中存在及时性与准确性相互制约的问题,通过研究隧道火焰初期在图像中呈现的静态和动态特征,提出了一种基于红外热成像的公路隧道火灾初期火焰检测方法。利用温度阈值获取疑似火焰区域,根据红外图像在引导滤波器作用下降噪,同时利用区域增长法分割疑似火焰区域;从疑似区域中提取的特征值构成特征向量,进行数据归一化提高SVM收敛速度;利用人工蜂群算法优化参数。结果表明：ABC-SVM能够实现公路隧道火灾初期的火焰识别,检测正确率相较于RBF方法提升了2.26%,运行时间缩短了2.29 ms;检测正确率相较于SVM方法提升了0.87%,运行时间缩短了2.22 ms。本方法可以对初期隧道火灾进行快速、有效检测,并有良好的环境适用性。     

A study of climate change and anthropogenic impacts in West Africa

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: During the last decades ecological conditions in West Africa have dramatically changed. Very evident is the climate change, which has resulted in a southward shift of the climate zones, e.g. a spread of the desert (Sahara) into the Sahelian zone. After the drought period of the early 1970s and 1980s, livestock density increased resulting in an intensification of grazing pressure. This anthropogenous phenomenon leads to similar landscape changes as those caused by the climate. Only very few investigations exist on vegetation dynamics, climate changes and land use changes for the Sudanian zone. The paper presents data on changes of precipitation, of land use, of the geographical range of species, and of the composition of the flora, which have to be regarded as proofs of the sahelisation of large areas of the Sudanian zone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Area of investigation: Burkina Faso. Precipitation data analysis: precipitation data from 67 stations; time series analysis and geo-statistical spatial interpolation. Analysis of land use change: Landsat satellite MSS and ETM+ data, acquired for two different dates between 1972 and 2001 analyzed by the software ERDAS/IMAGINE version 8.6 and ArcView 3.2 with the Spatial Analyst extension. Intensive ground truthing (160 training areas). Inventory of the flora: based on the data of the Herbarium Senckenbergianum (FR) in Frankfurt, Germany, and of the herbarium of the university of Ouagadougou (OUA), Burkina Faso, as well as on various investigations on the vegetation of Burkina Faso carried out in the years 1990 to 2005 by the team of the senior author. Life form analysis of the flora: based on the inventory of permanent plots. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Precipitation: Remarkable latitudinal shift of isohyets towards the South translates to a general reduction of average rainfall in great parts of the country. The last decade (1990-1999) shows some improvement, however, the more humid conditions of the 1950's and 1960's are not yet established again. Landcover change: In the study region the extent of arable fields and young fallows increased during the last 30 years from 580 km(2) in 1972 to 2870 km(2) in 2001. This means an average land cover conversion rate of 0.9% per year for the 6 departments considered. Change of the distribution of Sahelian and Sudanian species: Several species, mentioned in older literature as strictly Sahelian, today also occur in the Sudanian zone. Parallel to the spread of former strictly Sahelian species into the Sudanian zone, some former Sahelo-Sudanian species have withdrawn from the Sahel. Changes of the life form spectra of the flora: Considering their life form spectra, the flora of heavily grazed and of protected areas in the Sudanian zone show great differences. On areas intensively grazed the percentage of therophytes is evidently higher than on protected areas. Just the opposite is true for the phanerophytes. Their percentage is higher on the protected area than on the grazed zones. At the first glance, it is obvious to link the changes in flora and vegetation with the climate changes that have occurred during the last five decades (decrease of annual precipitation). However, not only climatic conditions have changed, but also population has increased, the percentage of land intensively used for agriculture and pasturing has increased and the time for soil regeneration today is much shorter than it was some decades ago. Thus, the landscape of the Sudanian zone has become a more Sahelian character. A comparison of the flora of an intensively used area of the Sudanian zone with that of a protected area shows a remarkable change in the life form spectra. The spectrum of the intensively used area is almost identical with that of the typical Sahelian flora. This comparison shows that the anthropogenic influence plays a greater role in the sahelisation of the Sudanian zone than the climate change. CONCLUSION: Climate change and anthropogenic influence both, lead to a sahelisation of landscape and flora. Thus in many parts of the Sudanian zone of West Africa sahelisation phenomena will remain and even increase independently from the reestablishment of the more humid climate conditions of the 1950ies. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: In order to maintain some parts of the characteristic Sudanian landscape with its characteristic flora and vegetation, the number and size of protected areas should be augmented. For all protected areas it has to be ensured, that protection is reality, i.e. respected an understood by local people, not only fiction. As long as the enlargement of intensively used areas continues the sahelisation of flora, vegetation and landscape will continue too.     

Estimate on spillover effect of environmental pollution between peripheral areas

ABSTRACT

Interaction of environmental pollution between peripheral areas has become a central topic in the field of resources and environment but little is known about the actual impact on peripheral areas in the current literature. This paper sets out a simultaneous equation model to investigate the spillover effect of environmental pollution between China’s peripheral areas utilizing the panel data of 218 cities in China. Making use of indicators for measuring the impact on environmental pollution, it identifies that environmental pollution between cities of China has a significant two-way spillover effect. After standardization of variables, it is found that the spillover effect of peripheral areas on urban environmental pollution cannot be neglected. Nearly, a third of the environmental pollution level in a city is induced by the environmental pollution in peripheral areas. If the indicator of environmental pollution in peripheral areas is missing, wrong conclusions will be drawn. Therefore, government should shift the emphasis of environmental regulation from local to global, and improve the overall environmental quality through coordinated management of regional environment.     

焊点热疲劳失效原因分析

某PCBA样品在使用约半年后出现功能失效,该PCBA在封装后进行整体灌胶,将失效样品剥离,发现部分器件直接脱落,通过表面观察、切片分析、EBSD分析、应力分析、热膨胀系数测试等手段对样品进行分析,结果表明:各封装材料存在热失配,且焊点缺陷较多且存在应力集中区,加速焊点的疲劳失效进程,导致PCBA功能失效。     

热真空试验系统温度均匀度试验研究

热真空试验是航天器研制过程中非常重要的一项试验,作为满足热真空试验必不可少的工具,好的热真空试验系统可以保证试验件在不失真的情况下试验,使试验受控,而热真空试验系统温度均匀度不好,会造成过试验或欠试验的产生。文中以某型热真空试验设备为例,通过试验研究分析其温度均匀度,可以提高热真空试验的精度。