关于减排技术途径和政策的探讨

通过对发达国家先进的节能减排技术和政策,以及我国现阶段所采取的减排技术政策的分析,通过对我国重点行业二氧化硫和化学需氧量的减排技术现状对策研究,对适合我国减排的技术途径和配套政策进行探讨。     

基于变异系数法的安徽省节能减排评价研究

以行政区域为单位进行节能减排评价研究,分析其中的影响因素,便于因地制宜地采取措施开展节能减排工作。本文以安徽省为研究对象,运用变异系数法对节能减排作评价研究。研究表明,节能减排总体成效显著,但减排问题突出,其中污染物排放与产业结构存在密切关系,进一步的关联分析得出影响减排的主要行业因素。据此,提出从调整产业结构、加强科技创新、完善法规政策方面推进节能减排。     

The Factor Decomposition on Carbon Emission of China——Based on LMDI Decomposition Technology

Carbon emission is the current hot issue of global concern. How to assess various contributing factors for carbon emission is of great importance to find out the key factors and promote carbon emission reduction. In this paper, the author constructs an identical equation for carbon emission, based on the economic aggregate, the economic structure, the efficiency of energy utilization, the structure of energy consumption, and the coefficient of carbon emission; by applying to LMDI decomposition technology, the author analyzes the carbon emission of China from 1995 to 2007 at industrial level and regional level. The results show that the expansion of economic aggregate is the main reason for China’ s rapidly increasing carbon emission and the increase of energy utilization efficiency is the key factor that can hold back the increase of carbon emission. In addition, the change of industrial structure or regional structure and the change of traditional energy structure have limited influence on the carbon emission, and their potentials have not yet been exploited. At the end of this paper, the author proposes the efforts that China should make to reduce carbon emission.     

Nitrous oxide and methane emission from a flooded rice field as influenced by separate and combined application of herbicides bensulfuron methyl and pretilachlor

Combination of divergent active principles to achieve broad-spectrum control is gaining popularity to manage the weed menace in intensive agriculture. However, such application could have non-target impacts on the soil processes affecting soil ecology and environmental interactions. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of separate and combined applications of herbicides bensulfuron methyl and pretilachlor on the emission of N₂O and CH₄, and related soil and microbial parameters in a flooded alluvial field planted to rice cv Lalat. Single application of the herbicide bensulfuron methyl or pretilachlor resulted in a significant reduction of N₂O and CH₄ emissions while the combination of these two herbicides distinctly increased N₂O and CH₄ emissions. Cumulative N₂O emissions (kg N₂O-N) followed the order of bensulfuron methyl (0.35 kg ha⁻¹) < pretilachlor (0.36 kg ha⁻¹) < control (0.45 kg ha⁻¹) < bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6.0% single dose (0.49 kg ha⁻¹) < bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6.0% double dose (0.54 kg ha⁻¹). Cumulative CH₄ emissions (kg CH₄), on the other hand, followed the order of bensulfuron methyl (47.89 kg ha⁻¹) < pretilachlor (73.17 kg ha⁻¹) < bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6.0% single dose (93.50 kg ha⁻¹) < control (106.54 kg ha⁻¹) < bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6.0% double dose (124.67 kg ha⁻¹). The inhibitory effect of separate application of herbicides bensulfuron methyl 0.6% and pretilachlor 6.0% on N₂O emission was linked to lower mineral N, lower denitrifying and nitrifying activity and low denitrifier and nitrifier populations. Inhibitory effect on CH₄ emission, on the contrary, was linked to prevention in the drop of redox potential, lower readily mineralizable carbon (RMC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) contents as well as lower methanogenic and higher methanotrophic bacterial population. Admittedly, stimulatory effect of combined application of herbicides bensulfuron methyl 0.6% and pretilachlor 6.0% at double dose on N₂O and CH₄ emission was related to reversal of the identified indicators of inhibition. Results indicate that while individual application of herbicides bensulfuron methyl 0.6% or pretilachlor 6.0% can reduce N₂O and CH₄ emission from flooded soil planted to rice, their combined application at normal dose can keep the emission at a comparatively lower level with significantly higher grain yield as compared to the herbicides applied alone.     

Integrated analysis of the effects of agricultural management on nitrogen fluxes at landscape scale

The integrated modelling system INITIATOR was applied to a landscape in the northern part of the Netherlands to assess current nitrogen fluxes to air and water and the impact of various agricultural measures on these fluxes, using spatially explicit input data on animal numbers, land use, agricultural management, meteorology and soil. Average model results on NH₃ deposition and N concentrations in surface water appear to be comparable to observations, but the deviation can be large at local scale, despite the use of high resolution data. Evaluated measures include: air scrubbers reducing NH₃ emissions from poultry and pig housing systems, low protein feeding, reduced fertilizer amounts and low-emission stables for cattle. Low protein feeding and restrictive fertilizer application had the largest effect on both N inputs and N losses, resulting in N deposition reductions on Natura 2000 sites of 10% and 12%, respectively.     

初始pH值对磷酸盐还原除磷的影响研究

以超高盐（盐度7％,以NaCI计）高磷榨菜废水为研究对象,考察了初始pH值对磷酸盐还原进程的影响。实验结果表明,初始pH值对磷酸盐还原除磷效能影响显著。初始pH为8时,磷酸盐还原除磷率达到最高,平均值为65．45％。同时,初始pH值还会影响污泥中活性磷的形成以及基体对磷化氢的吸附。此外,偏碱性有利于磷形态转化,且BD-P（主要是一些可溶性的、还原性强的、带有Fe-P化合物的集合）含量的高低调控着生物膜内间隙水中溶解态可反应性磷（DRP）和可还原水溶态磷（RSP）含量,最终决定着磷酸盐还原进程。随着初始pH值的升高,污泥对磷化氢的吸附能力降低导致污泥中结合态磷化氢（MBP）含量不断减少。     

曝气强度对同时硝化反硝化（SND）脱氮过程中N2O排放的影响

为了控制污水脱氮中N2O排放,在不同曝气强度下研究了好氧硝化段同时硝化反硝化（SND）系统的N2O排放特性,并采用PCR—DGGE技术分析微生物群落特征。结果发现,随着曝气强度的增强,系统总氮去除率下降,但脱氮中N2O—N所占比例则上升,实验中从低到高3个曝气强度下,总氮去除率分别为80．01％、65．28％和58．62％,脱氮中N2O—N所占的比例为1．89％、7．84％和9．20％。PCR—DGGE分析显示,和低曝气强度下相比中、高曝气强度下系统微生物群落发生明显变化,但中曝气强度和高曝气强度下系统微生物群落表现出较高相似性。这表明,不同曝气强度下系统N2O排放受到氮素转化和微生物群落变化的影响。适宜曝气强度不仅提高总氮去除率,还可有效控制N2O排放。     

服务江苏环保,投身污染减排——论省环科院在江苏省污染减排中的作用

文中从江苏省环科院的职能出发,阐述了省环科院在江苏省污染减排工作中的地位和作用,指出省环科院应在污染减排工作中做出更大贡献。     

我国电力行业CO2减排技术及应用前景分析

阐述了我国燃煤电厂CO2排放现状及趋势,将CO2减排技术分为捕集与封存两个部分进行讨论,介绍了目前主要的CO2捕集与封存技术及其研究进展,并分析了各种技术的特点及其在我国电力行业的应用前景。指出电厂位置、CO2捕集方案及封存方式三者之间是相互影响、相互制约的,其中CO2去向是关键因素,处于不同地理位置的电厂需根据具体情况选择相适应的CO2捕集与封存技术的组合。探讨了各种捕集与封存技术的应用前景,建议由国家相关部门或行业支持,建设国家或行业层面的工业化试验中心或试验台。     

电化学工艺处理有机废水的研究进展

综述了目前国内外学者在二维电极和三维电极的开发和改进方面的研究成果,指出了电化学氧化技术和电极材料的主要研究方向和发展趋势.提出为解决电化学水处理技术中提高电催化效率和延长电极寿命的问题,当前研究的主要方向应集中在阳极材料、反应器结构和处理工艺方面.