煤矸石中元素Ba、Ni、Sr的淋溶析出

对安徽淮南煤矸石进行了成分分析和淋溶析出实验研究,结果表明：微量元素Ba、Ni、Sr在矸石山底部的含量高于新鲜样品,由此得出这三种元素对周围土壤及水环境的影响可能是有限的。     

Occurrence and volatility of several trace elements in pulverized coal boiler

The contents of eight trace elements(Mn, Cr, Pb, As, Se, Zn, Cd, Hg) in raw coal, bottom ash and fly ash were measured in a 220 t/h pulverized coal boiler. Factors affecting distribution of trace elements were investigated, including fly ash diameter, furnace temperature, oxygen content and trace elements‘ characters. One coefficient of Meij was also improved to more directly show element enrichment in combustion products. These elements may be classified into three groups according to their distribution: Group 1. Hg, which is very volatile. Group 2: Pb, Zn, Cd, which are partially volatile. Group 3: Mn, which is hardly volatile. Se may be located between groups 1 and 2. Cr has properties of both group ! and 3. In addition, the smaller diameter of fly ash, the more relative enrichment of trace elements (except Mn). The fly ash showed different adsorption mechanisms of trace elements and the volatilization of trace elements rises with furnace temperature. Relative enrichments of trace elements(except Mn and Cr) in fly ash are larger than that in bottom ash. Low oxygen content can not always improve the volatilization of trace elements. Pb is easier to form chloride than Cd during coal combustion. Trace elements should be classified in accordance with factors.     

广州市臭氧污染溯源:基于拉格朗日光化学轨迹模型的案例分析

分析了2018年10月初广州市一次为期6 d的臭氧污染事件,利用拉格朗日光化学轨迹模型对广州市的臭氧污染进行了溯源分析,量化了不同区域对臭氧污染的贡献,评估了重点排放区域不同行业和不同前体物减排对臭氧污染控制的效果.结果表明,本次污染事件期间,日最大8 h臭氧均值均超过160 μg·m^-3,最高达271 μg·m^-3,氮氧化物（NO_x）和挥发性有机物（VOCs）的平均浓度为（77.7±42.8）μg·m^-3和（71.9±56.2）μg·m^-3.芳香烃和烯烃是主要的VOCs反应活性物种,分别贡献了38%和30%的·OH反应活性以及51%和16%的臭氧生成潜势.本次臭氧污染事件主要受3类气团输送影响,3类气团中的高排放区域分别为广东省外、广东省内和广州市本地,在高排放区域中臭氧生成均受VOCs控制.途经区域前体物减排的敏感性分析表明,减排VOCs对于降低臭氧浓度的效果优于减排NO_x.在100%减排情况下控制高排放区域的交通源排放对广州市臭氧控制的效果（臭氧降低14.6%~21.0%）高于控制工业（8.4%~15.3%）、电厂（0.9%~6.2%）和民用源（2.3%~4.7%）的排放,但单独控制交通源在小于90%减排比例下对臭氧污染控制的效果并不显著（<10%）.此外,珠江三角洲地区的生物源排放也对臭氧生成有重要贡献,在模型中关闭生物源排放后,广州市臭氧浓度降低6%~19%.本研究证实了拉格朗日光化学轨迹模型在区域臭氧污染溯源的应用效果,并为广州市臭氧污染的区域协同控制提供了对策建议.     

城市污水再生处理中微量有机污染物控制的关键难题与解决思路

城市污水中的一些微量有机污染物（TOrCs）具有浓度低、风险高和去除难等特点,是污水再生处理研究的热点,但其控制面临"四难"问题.首先,TOrCs浓度低,其化学检测面临结构定性难和浓度定量误差大等问题;其次,TOrCs的风险评价结果受评价物种、毒性终点等影响,优先控制TOrCs种类及浓度限值确定难;再次,TOrCs占总有机碳比例小于0.01%,其处理过程面临选择性弱和效率低难题;此外,城市污水中污染物组分复杂变化大,TOrCs处理工艺运行面临调控难及时、处理效率评价和管理困难等问题.针对以上难题,本文提出利用TOrCs非靶向筛查和"指纹图谱"克服TOrCs浓度检测和处理效率评价难题的新思路,发展去除能力标准、处理技术标准和替代性指标体系支撑TOrCs处理技术开发和工艺运行管理的新体系,指导TOrCs风险控制.     

中药三七中5种微量元素的含量及健康风险

为了解三七中Fe、Mn、Al、Zn、Se人体微量元素的含量,并客观评价这5种微量元素对长期服用三七药品的患者的健康风险,在三七的产区及周边市县进行采样,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对三七中这5种微量元素的含量进行测定,并采用点推定和概率推定对各元素的非致癌风险危害商值(HQ)值进行评估,结果发现三七中5种微量元素的平均含量分别为1375.84,108.31,1213.62, 0.16,21.99mg/kg,表现出Al > Fe > Mn > Zn > Se的高低顺序,HQ值大小顺序为Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > Se. HQ值均小于1,提示针对各元素,一般消费者不存在非致癌健康风险.然而,Fe,Al,Mn的日摄入量分别为0.09573,0.10759,0.00832mg/(kg·d),超出了来源于药物的微量元素的经口允许摄入量,应该加以控制.对危害指数(HI)的概率推定结果显示,5.19%的三七服用者对这5种微量元素的暴露具有非致癌健康风险.     

Assessment of metal contamination in soil banks of the Rhumel wadi (Northeast Algeria)

Levels of six trace metals were assessed in bank soils of the Rhumel wadi (Northeast Algeria) and their association with soil properties was investigated. Samples were collected at 10 sites. The soils are neutral to moderately alkaline, have high contents of carbonate, and are low in organic carbon and clay. Mean metal concentrations are 1.1 (Cd), 63 (Cr), 20 (Cu), 26 (Ni), 31 (Pb), and 98 (Zn) mg kg^?1. The Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents in soil from sites closest to Constantine City were higher than in uncontaminated soils worldwide, indicating accumulation due to human activities (residential, industrial, and agricultural). Statistical analyses (correlation and principal component analysis) demonstrated that Cd, Pb, and Zn are of anthropogenic origin in the urban areas, whereas Cr and Cu enrichment in some situations is caused by industrial activities, while Ni was geogenic.     

黄山大气气溶胶新粒子生长特性观测分析

利用2012年9月22日~10月28日黄山地区大气气溶胶、二氧化硫和臭氧观测数据,结合气象数据,分析气溶胶新粒子的生成-增长特征.分析发现,在33个有效观测日中,有新粒子生成-增长的观测日占总数的18.2%,其中晴天的发生频率为37.5%,新粒子生成-增长都开始于晴天上午,与无新粒子观测日相比,太阳辐射量、风速、SO2及O3浓度较高,环境温度和相对湿度较低.气溶胶新粒子的增长具有由小及大的特点,核模态气溶胶粒子(10~20nm)数浓度最先增加,爱根核模态粒子(20~50nm)数浓度随着时间推移逐渐增大,但浓度峰值依次下降,平均增长率为3.58nm/h. SO2浓度先于核模态气溶胶数浓度到达峰值,其氧化后的产物H2SO4为新粒子的核化提供前体物,并且参与新粒子的增长过程,当SO2浓度较低时,不会发生新粒子生长事件.     

海南岛西部地区砖红壤中微量元素含量及其分布特征

对海南岛西部地区发育典型的5个砖红壤剖面微量元素的组成特征进行研究发现,5个剖面微量元素的含量变化趋势具有一定的相似性,其中Cu、Pb、Zn、As平均含量大多高于中国南方砖红壤的平均值,而Ni、Mo、Cd、Sn、Sb等微量元素则刚好相反。各剖面微量元素含量的纵向变化规律显示,土壤中微量元素含量及其垂直变化从根本上取决于土壤母质的特征。受区内自然条件影响,区内土壤微量元素的垂向迁移能力相对较弱,而人类的工业活动、农业活动也可导致少量As、Cd、Pb等有害外源微量元素进入土壤并趋向于在土壤的浅层富集。     

Development and application of cross-linked polyethylenimine for trace metal and metalloid removal from mining and industrial wastewaters

Pollution of water bodies by trace metals is an established problem and several studies have been conducted to deal with it. South Africa is amongst those countries whose water systems are most affected as a result of intensive mining activities. This research was dedicated to the development of an insoluble chelating polymer for use as an adsorbent for abstraction of metal ions from mining and industrial wastewaters. Polyethylenimine (PEI), well known for its metal chelating potential, was cross-linked by epichlorohydrin (ECH) in order to convert it into a water-insoluble form for direct use as an adsorbent. The binding affinity of the cross-linked polyethylenimine (CPEI) to heavy metal ions was assessed as well as its ability to be regenerated for re-use. CPEI exhibited good complexation ability to metal ions with high affinity to Cr and most divalent metal ions. The observed order of complexation was: Cr?>?Zn>?Fe?>?Ni?>?Mn?>?Pb. On the other hand, it showed very poor ability to bind oxo-anions such as SeO₃ ^2? and AsO₂ ^? which has been attributed to the unavailability of suitable functional groups to interact with these ions.     

Measurement of the leaching behaviour of granular solid wastes

Leaching of granular solids can be described in terms of specific mass transfer functions of a simple mathematical form.

The parameters can be determined by column leaching experiments under well known flow conditions.

Initially available concentrations are obtained from batch experiments at high dilution. Total concentrations in the solids are determined independently to calculate the available fractions.

The determination of the flow pattern is done by radiotracer measurements. Leachates are analyzed by various analytical methods including AAS and INAA. Total concentrations in the solids are determined by INAA preferably.