非常规突发事件应急指挥组织结构研究

针对目前我国非常规突发事件应急响应过程中存在组织成员职责不明、关系不顺,难以实现快速联动和协同配合的问题,依据我国应急管理规章制度,以开放理性系统视角分析应急指挥组织结构(ECOS)的特点,基于组织理论提出契合行政级别的、具有闭环反馈的ECOS。以2010年夏三峡区域遭遇长江流域全流域性洪水为背景,基于提出的组织结构对三峡水库防洪应急指挥组织进行规范设置。研究结果表明,ECOS中各级政府应急部门采用官僚结构,现场指挥部采用项目小组结构,会商小组采用任务小组结构,整体构成矩阵结构。在稳定、理性、规范、高效的基础上,更具弹性和灵活性。这种刚性和柔性复合的、有层次和权威的、开放和权变的ECOS更适合我国国情以应对非常规突发事件。     

浅谈钢铁工业环保设施的“投资-运营”模式

论述了钢铁工业污染防治设施的"投资-运营"模式的发展概况,介绍了该模式的优越性以及实施方式,并从交易结构的角度分析了钢铁企业污染防治设施采用"投资-运营"模式可能会出现的风险以及规避方法。     

Socially induced delayed primiparity in brown bears Ursus arctos

Reproductive suppression through behavioral or physiological means is common in group-living and cooperative breeding mammals, but to our knowledge it has not been shown in wild large carnivores other than those with a clear form of social organization. Brown bear (Ursus arctos) females form matrilinear assemblages with related females using a common and largely exclusive area. Behavioral reproductive suppression might develop due to a hierarchical system among females within a matrilinear assemblage or due to inbreeding avoidance, because male brown bears can overlap with their daughters. We tested whether natal dispersal influenced the age of primiparity. We predicted that emigrant females, geographically removed from maternal or paternal influence, would reproduce earlier than philopatric females. The average age of primiparity was 4.3 years in females that dispersed outside their mother’s home range (n=8) and 5.2 years in philopatric females (n=10). Only the overlap with the mother’s home range, and not body size, body mass, growth, local population density, or overlap with the father’s home range, had a significant influence on the age of primiparity. The ultimate role of reproductive suppression for brown bears is likely to avoid inbreeding or to minimize resource competition. Due to the low risk of inbreeding and frequent exposure of young females to unrelated males, we conclude that resource competition within female hierarchies causes reproductive suppression in young females.     

New Approaches to the Assessment of Structural Organization of Communities in Springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola)

Trends in the diversity of structural organization of soil animal communities are analyzed using an example of the taxocenes of springtails, small soil arthropods. Different methods for describing the structure of communities are considered. On the basis of parameters characterizing specialization and stability of communities, several patterns of their organization in springtails are distinguished. It is shown that the new approach offers new opportunities in forecasting community dynamics under the effects of natural and anthropogenic factors.     

论灾区开放政策

本文论述了在我国实行灾区开放政策的重要意义,并以我国唐山、澜沧-耿马地震、原苏联亚美尼亚地震的震后救灾活动为例,以实行不同对外开放政策的效果对比,说明实行灾区开放政策的必要性;用通讯调查的结果和国际救灾组织及主要援助国对外救援情况,反映实行灾区开放政策的可行性。最后,提出灾情开放、救灾开放、灾害的考察研究开放和灾区重建开放的四项灾区开放政策的建议。     

A COMPUTER SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR OPTIMIZING CONJUNCTIVE OPERATION OF DESALTING PLANTS1

ABSTRACT .Desalting plants can provide a means of firming up erratic natural supplies when properly operated in conjunction with existing water supply reservoir systems. Since the natural inflow is variable, the choice of when to run the desalting plant is difficult. If the plant is turned on too late, a shortage may result; or if the plant runs too long, costly water may be wasted. A computer program is described that can help water planners find an optimal operating rule, i.e., a policy that tells when to turn the plant on and off to meet a given demand. Criteria for defining the firm water yield of the system (with and without desalting) are first defined. The logic of the program is then described. The program, written in FORTRAN IV, successively simulates operation of the given size reservoir-desalting plant system under control of various operating rules and selects the optimal rule as the one which produces the required firm water yield at the least unit cost. The optimal plant size and the staging of construction can also be studied by making a series of computations. Applications of the Operating Rule Program to water systems in California, Utah and New York are described. The studies show that, compared with base load operation, substantial savings are possible if optimum intermittent conjunctive operation of the desalting plant is followed.     

岛屿钻井作业的安全联动报警系统

针对石油钻井行业岛屿作业环境的高风险性,在分析岛屿钻井作业安全现状的基础上,对其重大危险源进行了分析,并提出了构建安全联动报警系统,以保证岛屿钻井作业的安全生产。     

轮休措施对堵塞型垂直潜流人工湿地的影响

采用不可滤物质的定量化分析方法研究了采取轮休措施对人工湿地堵塞程度的改善效果,同时分析了轮休措施对垂直潜流人工湿地污染物去除效果的改变和植物生长的影响.结果表明,轮休措施对解决人工湿地的堵塞有明显地改善,采取轮休措施后单位基质中的不可滤物质含量较轮休前有所降低,其中不可滤有机物减少量十分明显,不可滤无机物量在短期和长时间轮休前后分别表现出基本稳定和较大幅度降低的特性;短期轮休后COD、TP和TN的去除率都较轮休前有所降低,氨氮的去除率在人工湿地轮休后较轮休前高;应结合人工湿地的基质、植物种类调整运行工况,进行不同时间长度和方式的轮休,以确保植物生长不受该措施的影响.     

“化危机为转机”：灾害救助中社工组织的角色实践及行为策略

以往大部分文献从经济、政治和管理学等角度对“全能政府”与灾害危机之间的关系进行了探讨,过于重视政府角色的扩张,却忽略了非营利部门在灾害救助中的作用。本着社工非营利组织能发挥积极的“补充性（suplementary）”而非“替代性”作用的观点,本文围绕一个核心问题展开,即“社工非营利组织如何根据地震灾害的实际情况制定不同的行为策略,发展出一套组织生存法则”。虽然一些学者对社工组织在灾害救助过程中能否扮演重要角色或功能仍有质疑,但本文认为,社工组织通过“自省”（self-reflection）和“自我观照”（inner-understanding）,制定正确的行为策略,就能将灾害危机化为组织发展契机。     

生产经营单位危险源点控制

介绍了危险源点的辨识及定量评价方法,提出了对危险源点进行分级管理以及危险源点控制措施。