本科应用型人才培养目标及培养规格的创新研究

本文分析了我国高等教育的类型及其特点,从适应社会需要、工程应用、理论与实践相结合、应用能力培养、服务面向等五个方面论述了本科应用型人才培养的特征,对应用型人才的培养目标定位进行了探索,从知识、能力、素质等三个方面研究了应用型人才的培养规格.     

油田企业安全生产管理现状及对策研究

中国石化高度重视安全生产管理工作,始终把安全生产放在首要位置,但基层调研发现,油田企业安全生产管理依然存在薄弱环节。分析了油田企业安全生产现状,通过深化安全生产体系建设,推进双重预防机制,加大培训和重点工作安全生产监管,着力提升油田企业安全生产基础管理,建立油田企业安全生产管理长效机制,确保油田企业安全生产总体稳定。     

野化培训大熊猫在特定时期采食半枯竹的原因分析

对首次发现的一只野化培训大熊猫“祥祥”采食半枯竹的现象及原因进行研究.作者用4只圈养大熊猫为对照进行试验,从行为观察、营养成分及适口因子、环境气候条件等方面进行了研究.研究发现,圈养大熊猫中也存在采食半枯竹的现象,而且在采食的时间段上和祥祥一致;相对于新鲜竹子,半枯竹中葡萄糖含量有所增加,单宁含量明显降低,并且具有特殊的香甜味,使在一定时期内的半枯竹营养增加,适口性得到改善,这是大熊猫在特定时期更愿意采食半枯竹而不采食新鲜竹子的重要原因;7~9月是全年温湿度最高月份,对引起半枯竹成分中适口因子的改变可能有诱发作用.图3表4参9     

Microgeographic heterogeneity in spatial distribution and mtDNA variability of gray mouse lemurs (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microcebus murinus</Emphasis>, Primates: Cheirogaleidae)

The objective of our study was to investigate the spatial distribution and genetic structure of a solitary primate at the microgeographical scale of adjacent local populations. We obtained spatial data and tissue samples for mtDNA analysis from 205 gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) captured along transects and within 3 grid systems within a 12.3 km² area in Kirindy Forest, western Madagascar. Our capture data revealed that, even though the forest was continuous, gray mouse lemurs were not evenly distributed, and that daily and maximum dispersal distances were significantly greater in males. The frequency distribution of 22 mtDNA D-loop haplotypes was highly skewed. Nine haplotypes were unique to males, indicating male-mediated gene flow from surrounding areas. The geographic distribution of haplotypes revealed that males were also more dispersed than females. Females with the same haplotype showed a tendency towards spatial aggregation, and the correlation between genetic and geographic distances was higher in females. In several areas of the forest, however, spatially clustered females were not of the same haplotype, and females were not always found in clusters. Hence, in contrast to suggestions from previous studies, matrilineal clustering is not the only way females are socially organized. In addition, our study revealed heterogeneity and patterns in population structure that were not evident at smaller spatial scales, some of which may be relevant for designing conservation strategies.Communicated by C. Nunn     

The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates

Considerable interspecific variation in female social relationships occurs in gregarious primates, particularly with regard to agonism and cooperation between females and to the quality of female relationships with males. This variation exists alongside variation in female philopatry and dispersal. Socioecological theories have tried to explain variation in female-female social relationships from an evolutionary perspective focused on ecological factors, notably predation and food distribution. According to the current “ecological model”, predation risk forces females of most diurnal primate species to live in groups; the strength of the contest component of competition for resources within and between groups then largely determines social relationships between females. Social relationships among gregarious females are here characterized as Dispersal-Egalitarian, Resident-Nepotistic, Resident-Nepotistic-Tolerant, or Resident-Egalitarian. This ecological model has successfully explained differences in the occurrence of formal submission signals, decided dominance relationships, coalitions and female philopatry. Group size and female rank generally affect female reproduction success as the model predicts, and studies of closely related species in different ecological circumstances underscore the importance of the model. Some cases, however, can only be explained when we extend the model to incorporate the effects of infanticide risk and habitat saturation. We review evidence in support of the ecological model and test the power of alternative models that invoke between-group competition, forced female philopatry, demographic female recruitment, male interventions into female aggression, and male harassment. Not one of these models can replace the ecological model, which already encompasses the between-group competition. Currently the best model, which explains several phenomena that the ecological model does not, is a “socioecological model” based on the combined importance of ecological factors, habitat saturation and infanticide avoidance. We note some points of similarity and divergence with other mammalian taxa; these remain to be explored in detail. Received: 30 September 1996 / Accepted after revision: 20 July 1997     

油与有害物质的模拟海洋环境试验池

设在美国新泽西 (NewJersey)州的OHMSATT为治理海洋油与有害物质污染起了很大作用 ,它提供了主要为治理污染器材的试验与培训的实习场所 ,文章综述了该试验池的设备 ,及其使用情况。     

提高工程预算实训课教学效果的探索

本文是对我校提高建筑工程预算实训效果的思索,总结了我校正在实施的预算实训应注意的问题,重点介绍了学生在实习过程中的不良表现及应采取的改正措施,思考探索提高预算实训效果的途径,以期不断总结,逐步完善,提高实训效果,达到实训目的。     

Organization‐specific prosocial helping identity: Doing and belonging as the basis of “being fully there”

Identity theory and social identity theory focus on doing and belonging, respectively, but neither provides a complete picture of being “fully there” at work (Kahn, 1992 ). This three‐wave lagged field study links these two perspectives by proposing that beneficiary‐specific prosocial helping identity, met expectations for prosocial helping, and their interaction predict the strength of a contextualized, organization‐specific prosocial helping identity (OSPHI) targeted at those same beneficiaries and that OSPHI leads to positive employee work outcomes. Results provide strong support for the model and demonstrate that beneficiary‐specific prosocial helping identity had indirect relationships with intent to stay with the organization, experienced work meaning, and emotional exhaustion (negative), via OSPHI, only when met expectations for prosocial helping were weak. We discuss the value of OSPHI as an important construct that reflects the psychological state of “being fully there” at work and predicts subsequent employee work outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of a responsible beverage service and enforcement program: Effects on bar patron intoxication and potential impaired driving by young adults

Objective: Studies of alcohol-related harm (violence, injury, illness) suggest that the most significant risk factors are the amount of alcohol consumed and whether obviously intoxicated patrons continue to be served. This study's objective was to investigate the effects of a responsible beverage service (RBS)/enhanced alcohol enforcement intervention on bars, bar patrons, and impaired driving.

Method: Two communities—Monroe County, New York, and Cleveland, Ohio—participated in a demonstration program and evaluation. The intervention applied RBS training, targeted enforcement, and corrective actions by law enforcement to a random sample of 10 identified problem bars in each community compared to 10 matched nonintervention problem bars. Data were collected over 3 waves on bar serving practices, bar patron intoxication, drinking and driving, and other alcohol-related harm from intervention and control bars and treatment and comparison communities.

Results: In Monroe County, New York, of the 14 outcome measures analyzed, 7 measures showed statistically significant differences from pre- to postintervention. Six of those measures indicated changes in the desired or positive direction and 2 measures were in the undesired or negative direction. Of note in the positive direction, the percentage of intervention bar patrons who were intoxicated decreased from 44 to 27% and the average blood alcohol concentration of patrons decreased from 0.097 to 0.059 g/dL pre- to postintervention. In Cleveland, Ohio, 6 of the 14 measures showed statistically significant changes pre- to postintervention with 6 in the positive direction and 4 in the negative direction. Of note, the percentage of pseudo-intoxicated patrons denied service in intervention bars increased from 6 to 29%.

Conclusions: Of the 14 outcome measures that were analyzed in each community, most indicated positive changes associated with the intervention, but others showed negative associations. About half of the measures showed no significance, the sample sizes were too small, or the data were unavailable. Therefore, at best, the results of these demonstration programs were mixed. There were, however, some positive indications from the intervention. It appears that when bar managers and owners are aware of the program and its enforcement and when servers are properly trained in RBS, fewer patrons may become intoxicated and greater efforts may be made to deny service to obviously intoxicated patrons. Given that about half of arrested impaired drivers had their last drink at a licensed establishment, widespread implementation of this strategy has the potential to help reduce impaired driving.     

基于虚拟现实技术的隧道火灾应急培训系统构建和研究

为了解决现实中隧道火灾应急救援演练成本高、危险性大、适应能力弱的问题,基于建构主义安全培训理论,以3Dmax和Unity3D为技术手段,构建隧道火灾应急救援培训系统。系统功能下设体验模式、训练模式和底层模式,对应开发6个培训模块和15个场景科目,实现在高沉浸性的虚拟环境中对隧道救援人员、管理人员进行火灾应急培训。研究结果表明:该系统可以提高人员参加应急救援演练的积极性,降低应急演练成本,使学员在安全真实的虚拟环境中熟悉救援设备使用方法,增强学员处理事故场景的能力。