美、日、英、法等国的环境管理体制概况及其对我国的启示

本文简要介绍了美日英法四环境管理体制的状况，分析了四国在环境管理体制建设方面的有益经验及其对我国的启示。     

The politics of disaster - Nicaragua

The occurrence of natural disasters, such as floods and earthquakes, are, in themselves, beyond oar control. However, careful preparation before such events, and the correct management of the problem once it occurs, can both lead to major redaction of the suffering involved.
Disaster preparation and emergency planning are both inextricably linked to politics and economics, both on a national and an international scale. Disasters themselves raise a number of issues of a political or economic nature, and die response to a natural disaster both in the short and the long term is largely determined by the political relations within a country, and between that country and the international community.
This paper examines these issues by taking the examples of the earthquake of Managua, Nicaragua in 1972 and the flooding that occurred in Nicaragua in 1982. These two natural disasters occurred under different administrations in Nicaragua, and tills allows some interesting comparisons.     

A project for the integrated management of protected coastal areas in Malta

This paper examines a 3-yr EU LIFE-funded project for the management of two especially protected areas on the Maltese coast. Project partners are the Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics (ICoD), the Gaia Foundation and the Ministry for the Environment of Malta. Project sites are the Ghajn Tuffieha area on the northwest coast of Malta, and the Ramla Bay area on the island of Gozo. While both sites are in a relatively pristine state and comprise a number of features of ecological and scientific importance, they are also prime recreational areas, hosting thousands of visitors especially during the summer months. The challenge is to manage these sites in a sustainable manner in order to protect their unique ecology while simultaneously controlling and managing the human activities taking place there. The following sequence of activities is being implemented at both sites: surveys of the resources present (biodiversity, habitats, geological and hydrological features, and archaeological heritage), implementation of first intervention measures, and the drawing up and implementation of site-specific management plans, including rehabilitation and protection of biodiversity and habitats, regulations for site use, and awareness raising and educational measures. The management structure of this project supports the concept of decentralization of management of protected areas, through the granting of responsibility for the direct management of these sites to a non-governmental organization, under joint government/EU funding. This paper thus presents the project as a model for similar initiatives for the management of protected sites in the Mediterranean.     

Ecological constraints on group size: an analysis of spider monkey and chimpanzee subgroups

The social organization of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) appear remarkably similar. In this paper, field studies of these two species were used to (1) test a model of ecological constraints on animal group size which suggests that group size is a function of travel costs and (2) assess ecological and social factors underlying the social organization of these two species. Spider monkeys were studied over a 6-year period in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica, and chimpanzees were studied for 6 years in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Adults of both species spent their time in small subgroups that frequently changed size and composition. Thus, unlike most primate species, spider monkeys and chimpanzees were not always in a spatially cohesive social group; each individual had the option of associating in subgroups of a different size or composition. Both species relied on ripe fruit from trees that could be depleted through their feeding activity. However, spider monkey food resources tended to occur at higher densities, were more common, less temporally variable, and did not reach the low levels experienced by chimpanzees. Analyses of the relationship between subgroup size and the density and distribution of their food resources suggested that travel costs limit subgroup size. However, these ecological factors did not influence all age/sex classes equally. For example, the number of adult males in a subgroup was a function of food density and travel costs. However, this was not the case for female chimpanzees, suggesting that the benefits of being in a subgroup for females did not exceed the costs, even when ecological conditions appeared to minimize subgroup foraging costs. Therefore, it seems likely that social strategies influenced the relationship between food resource variables and subgroup size.     

Social dominance,seasonal movements,and spatial segregation in African elephants: a contribution to conservation behavior

The structure of dominance relationships among individuals in a population is known to influence their fitness, access to resources, risk of predation, and even energy budgets. Recent advances in global positioning system radio telemetry provide data to evaluate the influence of social relationships on population spatial structure and ranging tactics. Using current models of socio-ecology as a framework, we explore the spatial behaviors relating to the maintenance of transitive (i.e., linear) dominance hierarchies between elephant social groups despite the infrequent occurrence of contests over resources and lack of territorial behavior. Data collected from seven families of different rank demonstrate that dominant groups disproportionately use preferred habitats, limit their exposure to predation/conflict with humans by avoiding unprotected areas, and expend less energy than subordinate groups during the dry season. Hence, our data provide strong evidence of rank derived spatial partitioning in this migratory species. These behaviors, however, were not found during the wet season, indicating that spatial segregation of elephants is related to resource availability. Our results indicate the importance of protecting preexisting social mechanisms for mitigating the ecological impacts of high density in this species. This analysis provides an exemplar of how behavioral research in a socio-ecological framework can serve to identify factors salient to the persistence and management of at risk species or populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

化工项目无组织废气评价探讨

化工项目无组织废气具有排放量小、种类多、排放点广、难以量化等特点.无组织废气的评价是化工项目环评的重要组成部分,评价的主要思路是找出排放源、筛选出主要的排污环节和污染因子、确定排放源强、科学公正地作出评价结论.通过实例说明了做好无组织废气评价在实践环评工作中的重要性.     

海水水质评价的人工神经网络模型研究

通过在各类海水水质污染指标浓度区间内生成随机分布样本的方法，生成足够多用于人工神经网络模型训练和检验用的样本，并应用基于误差反传原理的前向多层神经网络建立了用于海水水质评价的人工神经网络模型。并根据海水水质标准给出了区分不同类型水质的模型分界样本和模型输出分界值。讨论了确定合理隐层及其节点数的方法，使得训练后的神经网络模型具有更强的泛化能力，不受网络连接权值初始取值的影响。经训练的评价模型应用于实例的评价结果表明，新的评价模型具有较好的客观性、通用性和实用性。     

Correlation between phenotypic expression of de novo marker chromosomes and genomic organization using replicational banding

It has been suggested that actively expressed genes are primarily located in early replicating bands. This hypothesis is supported by cytogenetic and pregnancy outcome data from four consecutive cases of prenatally detected de novo marker chromosomes. Two fetuses with major anomalies had large early replicating bands, while the marker in a third phenotypically normal fetus was late replicating. In the fourth case, a ring marker chromosome had only a small early replicating region. Pregnancy termination was elected. While no structural malformations were apparent, potential intellectual function in this case remains unresolved. An understanding of the relationship between genomic organization and chromosome banding is critical in counseling for prenatally detected de novo marker chromosomes. Replicational banding is particularly helpful in recognizing genes that may be actively expressed and result in developmental abnormality.     

Environmental economics reality check: a case study of the Abanico Medicinal Plant and Organic Agriculture Microenterprise Project

This paper presents a case study of the Abanico Medicinal Plant and Organic Agriculture Microenterprise Project in the Arenal Conservation Area, Costa Rica. Microenterprise is the Sustainable Development and the Women in Development model for gender equity and environment of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and large non-government organizations, like the World Wildlife Fund-Canada. The authors of this paper argue that debt-for-nature investment in microenterprise and ecological economic models are not distinct from neoclassical economic and development models that created the environmental, social and cultural crises in the first place. This case study shows that the world market accommodates only one model of development: unsustainable export-oriented production based on flexible labour markets, low wages, indebtedness and low cost production. Working standards in those micro-enterprises are eroded due to many factors,including indebtedness. What happened at a national level in non-industrial countries with the international debt crisis is now mirrored in individual indebtedness through microenterprise. Is current development policy creating a new form of indentured servitude? Medicinal plants, prior to commodification, were a source of women's power and upon commodification in international development projects, are the source of their exploitation.     

消防员运动性疲劳监测量表的应用研究

为探索消防员训练疲劳的监测方法及评价手段,通过对《运动员训练状态监测量表》的跨行业检验,分析了消防员运动性疲劳的产生因子;编制了监测量表共42道题目,包括:情绪应激、生理疲劳、心理疲劳3个应激分量表以及自我效能、体能恢复、自我调节、睡眠质量4个恢复分量表;统计得出量表筛查参考值,提出恢复对策。研究结果表明:量表总得分＜152分为正常;152~<167分为轻度疲劳;≥167分为中重度疲劳;应激分量表＜78分为正常;78~<88分为应激过度轻度疲劳;≥88分为应激过度中重度疲劳;恢复分量表＜96分为正常;96~<103分为恢复不足轻度疲劳;≥103分为恢复不足中重度疲劳。