国家陆地搜救基地训练设施设计原则及构成分析

＂科学施救＂是公安消防部队进行应急救援任务的核心理念,而专业化、模拟化训练则是实现＂科学施救＂的必要手段。如何构建高仿真、动态化的模拟训练设施,进一步提高公安消防部队应急救援水平,已成为公安消防部队面临的一个重要课题。文章对部分发达国家应急救援训练设施建设情况进行了分析,从实战救援的角度,提出了国家陆地搜寻与救护基地模拟训练设施的设计原则,并结合实战需要,给出了模拟训练设施的基本构成和功能介绍,供各地在规划和建设模拟训练设施时参考、借鉴。     

The riddle of “life,” a biologist’s critical view

To approach the question of what life is, we first have to state that life exists exclusively as the "being-alive" of discrete spatio-temporal entities. The simplest "unit" that can legitimately be considered to be alive is an intact prokaryotic cell as a whole. In this review, I discuss critically various aspects of the nature and singularity of living beings from the biologist's point of view. In spite of the enormous richness of forms and performances in the biotic realm, there is a considerable uniformity in the chemical "machinery of life," which powers all organisms. Life represents a dynamic state; it is performance of a system of singular kind: "life-as-action" approach. All "life-as-things" hypotheses are wrong from the beginning. Life is conditioned by certain substances but not defined by them. Living systems are endowed with a power to maintain their inherent functional order (organization) permanently against disruptive influences. The term organization inherently involves the aspect of functionality, the teleonomic, purposeful cooperation of structural and functional elements. Structures in turn require information for their specification, and information presupposes a source. This source is constituted in living systems by the nucleic acids. Organisms are unique in having a capacity to use, maintain, and replicate internal information, which yields the basis for their specific organization in its perpetuation. The existence of a genome is a necessary condition for life and one of the absolute differences between living and non-living matter. Organization includes both what makes life possible and what is determined by it. It is not something "implanted" into the living beings but has its origin and capacity for maintenance within the system itself. It is the essence of life. The property of being alive we can consider as an emergent property of cells that corresponds to a certain level of self-maintained complex order or organization.     

一体化联合作战后勤训练电磁环境构建方法研究

针对一体化联合作战后勤训练的特点,提出了可视化战场电磁环境和模拟战场电磁环境两种构建方法,并对模拟战场电磁环境的构建方法作了详细阐述。应坚持作战与训练的双重需求,强化军用与民用的优势互补,注重定性与定量的有机结合。     

清洁生产审核校企合作初探

高等职业院校大力推行校企合作培养高技能人才模式,探索校企合作的持续发展机制,是职业教育界和企业界的一个重要课题。本文通过＂扬州市节能减排技术普及公共服务平台资助项目＂课题的开展,在清洁生产审核校企合作实践的基础上,探索新形势下校企合作的内涵、意义及模式,剖析校企合作的动力与阻力,并对如何实现真正意义上的校企合作提出构想与建议。同时,对于清洁生产审核开展过程中,企业如何获得高校的支持也有参考意义。     

地面防空部队信息化训练电磁环境的构建研究

针对地面防空部队在复杂电磁环境条件下的作战训练需求,在分析了所需电磁环境构建要求后,结合地面防空部队作战训练时电磁环境的特点,罗列出构建内容,着重讨论了复杂电磁环境的构建方法并比较其优缺点,为地面防空部队有针对性地开展复杂电磁环境下的训练提供了依据。     

Large males dominate: ecology,social organization,and mating system of wild cavies,the ancestors of the guinea pig

Ecological factors differently affect male and female animals and thereby importantly influence their life history and reproductive strategies. Caviomorph rodents are found in a wide range of habitats in South America and different social and mating systems have evolved in closely related species. This permits to study the impact of ecological factors on social evolution. In this study, we investigated the social organization and the mating system of the wild cavy (Cavia aperea), the ancestor of the domestic guinea pig, in its natural habitat in Uruguay. Based on our laboratory investigations, we expected a polygynous system with large males controlling access to females. Results from radiotelemetry and direct observations showed that females occupied small stable home ranges which were largely overlapped by that of one large male, resulting in a social organization of small harems. In some cases, small satellite males were associated with harems and intermediate-sized roaming males were occasionally observed on the study site. However, microsatellite analyses revealed that offspring were exclusively sired by large males of the same or neighboring harems, with a moderate degree of multiple paternity (13–27%). Thus, the mating system of C. aperea can be described as polygynous and contrasts with the promiscuous organization described for other species of cavies (Cavia magna, Galea musteloides and Microcavia australis) living under different ecological conditions. Our findings stress the strong impact of environmental factors on social evolution in Caviomorphs as resource distribution determines female space use and, thereby, the ability of males to monopolize females. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

论流域管理

流域管理被认为是对水资源管理的重要方式。文章探讨了流域及流域管理的定义,从制度经济学角度建立了实施流域管理的理论基础,探讨了流域管理机制、体制和交易成本,和中国的流域管理。文章认为,流域是一个由于水的关系而形成的自然地理单元,但流域管理是对由于水的关系而形成的地理单元上的各种经济和社会活动的管理。实行流域管理是出于解决问题的需要：流域管理在区域以上的流域层次增加了一层信息处理和交流的机制。不同的外部制度环境和内部问题,可能导致流域管理机制和模式的不同,导致不同的流域管理组织,如流域理事会、流域委员会和流域管理局等。在流域管理制度的设计中,制度成本是决定组织的重要影响因素,也是决定流域管理成败的关键因素。我国的流域水资源管理具有独特的特点,特别是在管理机构的设置和职能安排上。     

The effect of repeated vibration signals on worker behavior in established and newly founded colonies of the honey bee, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis>

Communication signals used in animal social interactions are frequently performed repetitively, but the function of this repetition is often not well understood. We examined the effects of signal repetition by investigating the behavior of worker honey bees that received differing numbers of vibration signals in established and newly founded colonies, which could use signal repetition differently to help adjust task allocations to the labor demands associated with the different stages of colony development. In both colony types, more than half of all monitored workers received more than one vibration signal, and approximately 12% received ≥5 signals during a given 20-min observation period. Vibrated recipients exhibited greater activity and task performance than same-age non-vibrated controls at all levels of signal activity. However, vibrated workers showed similar levels of task performance, movement rates, cell inspection rates, and trophallactic exchanges regardless of the number of signals received. Thus, the repeated performance of vibration signals on individual bees did not cause cumulative increases in the activity of certain workers, but rather may have functioned to maintain relatively constant levels of activity and task performance among groups of recipients. The established and newly founded colonies did not differ in the extent to which individual workers received the different numbers of vibration signals or in the levels of activity stimulated by repeated signals. Previous work has suggested that compared to established colonies, newly founded colonies have a greater number of vibrators that perform signals on a greater proportion of the workers they contact. Taken in concert, these results suggest that vibration signal repetition may help to adjust task allocations to the different stages of colony development by helping to maintain similar levels of activity among a greater total number of recipients, rather than by eliciting cumulative effects that cause certain recipients to work harder than others.     

省级行政学院应急管理培训现状与发展对策思考

为加强省级行政学院应急管理培训,强化应急管理预防准备。对自2010年开始的省级行政学院应急管理培训工作的现状和成效进行了总结和分析,目前各省级行政学院应急实验培训存在发展不平衡、教研队伍力量薄弱、培训供给与需求有差距的问题,提出应做好对发达国家应急管理培训经验的消化和吸收,加强顶层设计,加强应急管理培训基地建设,积极推广应急管理演练式培训,加强合作交流等对策。     

Then and now: A 30-year journey from the ‘leading edge’

A fledgling disaster management organization in 1984, Jamaica's Office of Disaster Preparedness (ODP) hosted the pioneering international disaster mitigation conference to share information and to contemplate how vulnerability to disasters from natural hazards could be reduced. Over the period 1979–2009, the overall focus of the agency was response, given the plethora of extreme events, and the priority of the Government of Jamaica. The organization was associated with several efforts at disaster mitigation, but the need for building the agency's capacity to lead national efforts to integrate mitigation planning into development did not seem to gain traction among the policy makers. Growing losses since 2004, the evidence of climate change and the need for adaptation, and the regional and international disaster risk management agenda have brought attention to the need for review and development of Jamaica's disaster risk management capacity. This paper examines highlights of the 30-year journey of disaster management in Jamaica, and highlights proposals for strengthening the national framework and the organizational structure of ODPEM.