野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群生物量的影响

采用固定样方法和定位观察法连续测定了2003～2007年间卧龙自然保护区大熊猫野化培训圈内及其附近区域的拐棍竹无性系种群数量和生长发育特性等参数,运用收获法与非破坏性重量估测法建立了不同龄级和残桩的竹子种群和分株生物量估测模型,进而利用最佳模型计算并评估了野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群生物量和植株个体生物量的影响.结果表明:在环境条件、种群密度、生长发育特征和种群生物量等基本相似的基础上,大熊猫采食和人为砍伐不仅降低实验期间的竹子生物生产力,而且影响到后期阶段实验种群的恢复与发展.大熊猫采食样方中的竹子种群生物量虽然较对照样方低,就竹笋生物量而言,约为对照的57.79%,这与野化培训圈的面积较小、竹种单一而使采食比重(67.07%)较大有关,但其各龄级植株个体生物量均能达到大熊猫的取食利用标准(仅2004年生竹除外),具有持续供给大熊猫食物资源的潜力;而人为砍伐措施与大熊猫采食相比,影响效果极为强烈,它严重降低了拐棍竹无性系的种群生物量,尤其是竹笋重量更是如此,仅为对照样方的14.69%,且植株个体鲜重远低于大熊猫的觅食条件.因此,竹笋和无性系植株的生物量是大熊猫采食标准的主要因素.     

Large males dominate: ecology,social organization,and mating system of wild cavies,the ancestors of the guinea pig

Ecological factors differently affect male and female animals and thereby importantly influence their life history and reproductive strategies. Caviomorph rodents are found in a wide range of habitats in South America and different social and mating systems have evolved in closely related species. This permits to study the impact of ecological factors on social evolution. In this study, we investigated the social organization and the mating system of the wild cavy (Cavia aperea), the ancestor of the domestic guinea pig, in its natural habitat in Uruguay. Based on our laboratory investigations, we expected a polygynous system with large males controlling access to females. Results from radiotelemetry and direct observations showed that females occupied small stable home ranges which were largely overlapped by that of one large male, resulting in a social organization of small harems. In some cases, small satellite males were associated with harems and intermediate-sized roaming males were occasionally observed on the study site. However, microsatellite analyses revealed that offspring were exclusively sired by large males of the same or neighboring harems, with a moderate degree of multiple paternity (13–27%). Thus, the mating system of C. aperea can be described as polygynous and contrasts with the promiscuous organization described for other species of cavies (Cavia magna, Galea musteloides and Microcavia australis) living under different ecological conditions. Our findings stress the strong impact of environmental factors on social evolution in Caviomorphs as resource distribution determines female space use and, thereby, the ability of males to monopolize females. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

论流域管理

流域管理被认为是对水资源管理的重要方式。文章探讨了流域及流域管理的定义,从制度经济学角度建立了实施流域管理的理论基础,探讨了流域管理机制、体制和交易成本,和中国的流域管理。文章认为,流域是一个由于水的关系而形成的自然地理单元,但流域管理是对由于水的关系而形成的地理单元上的各种经济和社会活动的管理。实行流域管理是出于解决问题的需要：流域管理在区域以上的流域层次增加了一层信息处理和交流的机制。不同的外部制度环境和内部问题,可能导致流域管理机制和模式的不同,导致不同的流域管理组织,如流域理事会、流域委员会和流域管理局等。在流域管理制度的设计中,制度成本是决定组织的重要影响因素,也是决定流域管理成败的关键因素。我国的流域水资源管理具有独特的特点,特别是在管理机构的设置和职能安排上。     

The effect of repeated vibration signals on worker behavior in established and newly founded colonies of the honey bee, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis>

Communication signals used in animal social interactions are frequently performed repetitively, but the function of this repetition is often not well understood. We examined the effects of signal repetition by investigating the behavior of worker honey bees that received differing numbers of vibration signals in established and newly founded colonies, which could use signal repetition differently to help adjust task allocations to the labor demands associated with the different stages of colony development. In both colony types, more than half of all monitored workers received more than one vibration signal, and approximately 12% received ≥5 signals during a given 20-min observation period. Vibrated recipients exhibited greater activity and task performance than same-age non-vibrated controls at all levels of signal activity. However, vibrated workers showed similar levels of task performance, movement rates, cell inspection rates, and trophallactic exchanges regardless of the number of signals received. Thus, the repeated performance of vibration signals on individual bees did not cause cumulative increases in the activity of certain workers, but rather may have functioned to maintain relatively constant levels of activity and task performance among groups of recipients. The established and newly founded colonies did not differ in the extent to which individual workers received the different numbers of vibration signals or in the levels of activity stimulated by repeated signals. Previous work has suggested that compared to established colonies, newly founded colonies have a greater number of vibrators that perform signals on a greater proportion of the workers they contact. Taken in concert, these results suggest that vibration signal repetition may help to adjust task allocations to the different stages of colony development by helping to maintain similar levels of activity among a greater total number of recipients, rather than by eliciting cumulative effects that cause certain recipients to work harder than others.     

省级行政学院应急管理培训现状与发展对策思考

为加强省级行政学院应急管理培训,强化应急管理预防准备。对自2010年开始的省级行政学院应急管理培训工作的现状和成效进行了总结和分析,目前各省级行政学院应急实验培训存在发展不平衡、教研队伍力量薄弱、培训供给与需求有差距的问题,提出应做好对发达国家应急管理培训经验的消化和吸收,加强顶层设计,加强应急管理培训基地建设,积极推广应急管理演练式培训,加强合作交流等对策。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对泥鳅的急性毒性

将泥鳅暴露于甲维盐进行急性毒性实验,依据概率单位法计量不同暴露时间甲维盐相应的半致死浓度以及安全浓度。结果表明,甲维盐对泥鳅的48 h-LC₅₀为14.137 mg·L^-1 ,96 h-LC₅₀为6.765 mg·L^-1。甲维盐浓度与泥鳅的死亡率呈现明显的剂量效应关系。随着暴露时间延长,半数致死浓度降低,安全浓度降低。采用组织学方法评估了不同浓度的甲维盐暴露下,泥鳅视网膜、皮肤、鳃的组织学结构变化。在20 mg·L^-1甲维盐急性暴露下,泥鳅皮肤出现脂褐质沉积、分泌细胞减少、神经丘细胞大量丢失。同时甲维盐能够造成视网膜变薄,视细胞的內节/外节丢失,引起视觉障碍。     

Then and now: A 30-year journey from the ‘leading edge’

A fledgling disaster management organization in 1984, Jamaica's Office of Disaster Preparedness (ODP) hosted the pioneering international disaster mitigation conference to share information and to contemplate how vulnerability to disasters from natural hazards could be reduced. Over the period 1979–2009, the overall focus of the agency was response, given the plethora of extreme events, and the priority of the Government of Jamaica. The organization was associated with several efforts at disaster mitigation, but the need for building the agency's capacity to lead national efforts to integrate mitigation planning into development did not seem to gain traction among the policy makers. Growing losses since 2004, the evidence of climate change and the need for adaptation, and the regional and international disaster risk management agenda have brought attention to the need for review and development of Jamaica's disaster risk management capacity. This paper examines highlights of the 30-year journey of disaster management in Jamaica, and highlights proposals for strengthening the national framework and the organizational structure of ODPEM.     

工业燃煤锅炉操作仿真培训模拟机设计

司炉工操作技能的仿真培训对于工业锅炉的安全生产和经济运行至关重要。在明确燃煤锅炉安全与节能操作仿真培训内容的基础上分析了模拟机系统所需具备的软硬件条件,提出了由锅炉实体物理模型、操作控制台、传感检测控制器、仿真微机组成的燃煤锅炉安全与节能操作仿真培训模拟机的整体方案及实现原理,并以4t/h链条炉排燃煤锅炉为原型,设计了具有超高仿真度的带有剖析结构的缩小比例锅炉实体物理模型,以及基于PLC的传感检测电控系统,实现了燃煤锅炉安全与节能操作的仿真培训及考核。     

组织管理因素对矿工不安全心理行为影响的调查研究

为探讨组织管理因素对矿工不安全心理及不安全行为的影响情况和预测作用,采用自行编制的组织管理测评量表及不安全心理行为调查问卷对安徽两家大型煤矿的250名一线矿工进行问卷调查,并采用Pearson 相关分析、多元逐步回归分析法探讨组织管理因素与矿工不安全心理及行为的关系。结果显示:矿工不安全心理水平与组织公平、组织支持、组织安全态度呈负相关、与生产任务呈正相关,矿工不安全行为水平与组织公平、组织支持、组织安全态度呈负相关,与生产任务呈正相关;矿工不安全心理受组织公平、组织支持及生产任务的影响显著;矿工不安全行为受组织安全态度及生产任务的影响显著。研究结果为煤矿企业提供了参考,煤矿管理者可据此采取相应的措施,有针对性地改善矿工的不安全心理,控制矿工的不安全行为。     

《安全科技概论》课程教学改革探讨

介绍了《安全科技概论》课程的教学目的和教学大纲要求,探讨了该课程教学过程中存在的问题。参考注册安全工程师执业资格考试大纲,以及国家相关政策法规,对该课程的教学大纲内容作了适当的修改和完善,提出了传统与案例相结合的教学方法。针对学生的专业特点及专业培养目标,分析了该课程在不同专业体系中应该讲授的重点内容。结论表明：得出的结论对提高《安全科技概论》的教学质量有一定的借鉴和指导意义。