稀酸预处理铜藻制备生物乙醇工艺

选取暖温带海洋生态环境生物修复的首选物种——铜藻(Sargassum horneri)为原料进行生物乙醇的制备,以稀硫酸水解后的还原糖收率为响应值,考察水解温度、液固比、水解时间和w(H₂SO₄)等参数对水解效率的影响. 为优化稀酸水解铜藻预处理的工艺条件,在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Benhnken中心组合设计法和响应面分析法,建立稀酸预处理工艺参数的回归模型,并与酶水解及发酵相结合验证了铜藻稀酸预处理效果. 结果表明:①稀酸水解铜藻的最优工艺参数. 水解温度为120 ℃,液固比为20∶1,水解时间为2.00 h,w(H₂SO₄)为4.50%. ②稀酸水解铜藻过程中各影响因素之间存在交互作用,水解时间和w(H₂SO₄)的非线性作用显著. ③对经最佳稀酸预处理工艺处理后的铜藻粉进行酶水解,其还原糖收率为44.05%,是未预处理下的8.14倍,并且后续进行发酵后,乙醇产率达7.80%,是未预处理下的2.00倍. 表明铜藻是一种潜在的生物乙醇原料,稀酸预处理方法对铜藻生物乙醇的制备行之有效.      

纸业生态产业链设计:由传统造纸工业向生态化纸业的转移

定义了可更新资源生态产业链,并依此设计了我国纸业生态产业链.提出"生态化结构与利益性诱因相结合"的可更新资源生态产业链设计的基本原理,以及建立可更新资源生态产业链的5个必要条件,即模仿生态闭路系统,增大可更新资源存量,向资源生产率要效益,开发社会性长期需要和系统创新活动.认为纸业生态产业链是可更新资源生态产业链的典型范例,是解决造纸工业3大制约性难题,使我国纸业由黑色产业变为绿色产业的有效途径.     

Restrictions and options: A heuristic tool to integrate knowledge for strategies towards a sustainable development

SUMMARY

This article presents the heuristic ‘Restrictions and Options’ that was created in an interdisciplinary research team to identify restricting and supporting factors regarding sustainable ways of actions for different institutional and individual actors in the need-field of nutrition. The heuristic format is first presented on a general level. Then it is combined with two different approaches: first, with a systemic constructivist approach to organization theory, and second, with the ipsative theory of action (psychology). Its abilities are illustrated by examples from two research projects.

The heuristic tool was developed to help identify relevant factors that restrict or support sustainable development in two empirical settings and also could be used to compare the findings. Combining the two approaches remains for future research.     

Human perspectives and conservation of grizzly bears in Banff National Park, Canada

Some conservation initiatives provoke intense conflict among stakeholders. The need for action, the nature of the conservation measures, and the effects of these measures on human interests may be disputed. Tools are needed to depolarize such situations, foster understanding of the perspectives of people involved, and find common ground. We used Q methodology to explore stakeholders' perspectives on conservation and management of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) in Banff National Park and the Bow River watershed of Alberta, Canada. Twenty-nine stakeholders participated in the study, including local residents, scientists, agency employees, and representatives of nongovernmental conservation organizations and other interest groups. Participants rank ordered a set of statements to express their opinions on the problems of grizzly bear management (I-IV) and a second set of statements on possible solutions to the problems (A-C). Factor analysis revealed that participants held 4 distinct views of the problems: individuals associated with factor I emphasized deficiencies in goals and plans; those associated with factor II believed that problems had been exaggerated; those associated with factor III blamed institutional flaws such as disjointed management and inadequate resources; and individuals associated with factor IV blamed politicized decision making. There were 3 distinct views about the best solutions to the problems: individuals associated with factor A called for increased conservation efforts; those associated with factor B wanted reforms in decision-making processes; and individuals associated with factor C supported active landscape management. We connected people's definitions of the problem with their preferred solutions to form 5 overall problem narratives espoused by groups in the study: the problem is deficient goals and plans, the solution is to prioritize conservation efforts (planning-oriented conservation advocates); the problem is flawed institutions, the solution is to prioritize conservation efforts (institutionally-oriented conservation advocates); the problems have been exaggerated, but there is a need to improve decision-making processes (optimistic decision-process reformers); the problems have been exaggerated, but managers should more actively manage the landscape (optimistic landscape managers); and the problem is politicized decision making, solutions vary (democratizers). Although these 5 groups differed on many issues, they agreed that the population of grizzly bears is vulnerable to extirpation, human use of the area should be designed around ecological constraints, and more inclusive decision-making processes are needed. We used our results to inform a series of workshops in which stakeholders developed and agreed on new management strategies that were implemented by Parks Canada. Our research demonstrates the usefulness of Q method to illuminate people's perspectives and identify common ground in settings where conservation is contested.     

湖泊生态安全及其评估方法框架

针对目前我国湖泊存在的主要生态安全问题,同时考虑流域人类活动对湖泊的影响,阐述了对湖泊生态系统及湖泊生态安全的深层认识和理解,并在此基础上建立了“4+1”湖泊生态安全评估方法框架. 该方法框架包括湖泊水生态系统健康评估、流域社会经济活动对湖泊生态影响评估、湖泊生态服务功能评估和湖泊生态灾变评估,以及在这4项评估的基础上建立的湖泊生态安全综合评估. “4+1”湖泊生态安全评估方法框架既可作为对湖泊生态安全进行整体综合评估的方法,又反映了湖泊水生态健康、流域人类活动对湖泊的影响、湖泊生态服务功能以及湖泊生态灾变4个过程对湖泊生态安全的影响关系,识别影响湖泊生态安全的限制性因子. 湖泊生态安全评估启示我国湖泊管理应由水质管理向流域生态系统管理转变,其实质是解决好“人湖”关系,实现“人湖”和谐发展.      

基于Box Behnken设计的煤导热系数分析与预测

为研究分析水分、固定碳及密度3个因素对煤导热系数的影响,选取多个矿井不同煤质的煤作为实验煤样,使用NETZSCH LFA457型激光导热系数测试仪进行测定,并引入二次响应曲面试验设计思想,采用Design Expert软件进行煤质指标的Box Behnken试验设计,按设计表筛选实验数据,构建了导热系数多因素、多水平影响下二次回归响应曲面模型,并对不同采样地点的煤导热系数进行了分析与预测。结果表明:二次回归方程P值小于0.000 1,极显著,失拟项为0.072 4,不显著,回归方程具有统计学意义;当水分在0.9%~10.9%,固定碳在49.3%~83.6%,密度在1.2~1.92 g·cm³之间,对煤的导热系数一次项影响程度为密度>固定碳>水分;二次项影响程度为固定碳和密度>水分和密度>水分和固定碳,且固定碳和密度之间存在交互作用,水分和密度、水分和固定碳之间无交互作用;应用响应曲面模型预测的煤导热系数误差为4.3%,满足精度要求。     

Human Performance Cognitive-Behavioral Modeling: A Benefit for Occupational Safety

Human Performance Modeling (HPM) is a computer-aided job analysis software methodology used to generate predictions of complex humanautomation integration and system flow patterns with the goal of improving operator and system safety. The use of HPM tools has recently been increasing due to reductions in computational cost, augmentations in the tool’s fidelity, and usefulness in the generated output. An examination of an Air Man-machine Integration Design and Analysis System (Air MIDAS) model evaluating complex human-automation integration currently underway at NASA Ames Research Center will highlight the importance to occupational safety of considering both cognitive and physical aspects of performance when researching human error.     

微波诱导热解制备小麦秸秆吸附剂及响应面优化工艺研究

以氯化锌为活化剂,通过微波诱导热解法制备小麦秸秆吸附剂,并以微波功率、热解时间和氯化锌质量分数为影响因素,碘吸附值为响应值,采用响应面法对小麦秸秆吸附剂的制备工艺进行优化。结果表明,热解时间和微波功率对碘吸附值的交互作用明显。响应面优化工艺分析,发现当热解时间4.03 min、微波功率569.0 W,氯化锌质量分数为31.24%时,碘吸附值最大,为643.33 mg/g。另外,小麦秸秆吸附等温线与I型相似,吸附剂的微孔容积为0.238 4cm³/g,吸附剂的BJH孔径分布表现窄小,最高峰出现在2.1nm左右。处理Cr(VI)废水的吸附试验,发现Cr(VI)的去除率可以达到70%以上。研究表明,微波诱导热解法及响应面优化工艺制备的小麦秸秆吸附剂技术可行且具有良好的重金属废水处理应用前景。     

城市高污染燃料禁燃区规划方法及案例研究

在总结高污染燃料禁燃区实际规划过程中的经验、参考已有的大气污染控制规划方法的基础上,针对目前高污染燃料禁燃区规划实践中的不足,将情景分析法、模型分析法以及地理信息系统技术(GIS)应用于规划中,提出并发展了一套解决城市或地区高污染燃料禁燃区规划的整体技术方案,并通过该方法体系在珠海市高污染燃料禁燃区规划中的实际案例分析,显示了该方法的可行性与可操作性,为全国其他城市的高污染燃料禁燃区的合理规划提供了一个实例和参考。     

水质模型参数识别与验证的探讨

参数识别与模型验证是水质模型应用的两个重要步骤。在对模型参数的本质含义进行辨析的基础上,对模型参数的时变性、集成性和可识别性进行了分析。采用科学哲学的方法,对水质模型验证的必要性和不足进行了讨论,指出虽然模型验证必不可少,但也不能证实模型本身就是实际物理和生化过程的反映,因此应充分地意识到“经过验证的”模型在预测中的风险。