机械加工工艺危险性控制研究

机械安全是制造业赖以生存和发展的基础,涉及到国民经济各个部门和人民的安全与健康。为了有效地控制机械加工工艺的危险性,防止机械事故发生,减少人员伤亡和财产损失,运用事故统计方法,对我国机械加工行业各类生产事故进行统计分析,从不同伤害形式的角度出发,将机械伤害事故类型从绞伤、碾压伤害、夹挤伤害等方面进行研究,重点以锻工、车工、铣工、钳工等11种常见加工工艺为研究对象,分析其操作过程中发生的事故原因和事故类型,得出我国机械加工行业事故发生规律和各加工工艺危险性的大小。与以往机械伤害事故类型统计不同,本文将机械伤害从不同工种和不同伤害形式进行分类统计,更能体现机械加工事故伤害特点,对加强我国机械加工行业的安全生产管理有一定的参考意义。     

哈尔滨市管道煤气事故分析及其预防

对我市管道煤气事故的原因进行了分析,提出了相应的预防措施。     

一起煤气中毒事故的分析

通过河南济源钢铁公司一起煤气中毒事故的分析,提出了具体和有效的对策措施。     

高空吊架坠落伤亡事故故障树分析

对高空吊架坠落伤亡事故产生的原因进行了分析,应用安全系统工程中的故障树分析方法,编制了故障树,进行定性分析。找出了导致吊架坠落伤亡事故发生的途径,并提出了一些预防措施。     

Dioxins in the Venice lagoon

Venice is famous around the world for its uniqueness and architectural splendours, arts and the history of the “Serenissima Repubblica”, as it was known in the past, but few are aware that Venice economy is strongly dependent on the industrial activities based mainly on the adjacent Porto Marghera area. For many years, the lagoon that physically separates the city from the dry land has avoided association between the concern connected with the pollution derived from these industrial activities and the public perception of Venice. Since 1995, dioxins have appeared as a lagoon contaminant, and their presence, at such a level requiring immediate “in depth” studies and interventions, has been fully realized for decades.     

基于复杂网络的内河船舶碰撞事故致因分析

为了探明内河船舶碰撞事故致因内在联系,基于船舶碰撞事故调查报告,从人-机-环-管视角构建事故致因复杂网络模型。运用“2-4”模型从人-机-环-管视角识别和提取事故致因,采用事故树方法分析调查报告中碰撞事故过程,提取内河船舶碰撞事故致因链,利用复杂网络理论融合多事故致因链,构建包括36个节点、123条边在内的事故致因网络,计算致因网络拓扑特征参数,定量分析内河船舶碰撞事故致因之间相互作用。研究结果表明：疏忽瞭望、错误估计碰撞危险、安全管理不到位、船员不适任、船与船通信信息不足、未及时行动是内河船舶碰撞事故的关键致因。同时,内河船舶碰撞致因网络是1个无标度网络,且具有小世界特性,表明事故致因之间连锁效应明显,管控上述关键致因可有效预防碰撞事故。研究结果可为预防内河船舶碰撞事故、提高内河航运管理水平提供参考。     

基于STAMP-ISM的铁路危险品运输系统风险-事故分析方法*

为预防铁路危险品运输系统事故的发生,采用STAMP-ISM模型分析铁路危险品运输系统风险-事故。首先,利用STAMP模型详细分析事故,得到控制结构的相关安全约束、不充分控制行为及产生原因,以及系统的安全动态变化;其次,采用ISM分析事故致因因素之间的关联关系并划分层级;最后,基于STAMP和ISM分析结果提出系统改进方案。以我国一起匿名夹带事故为背景进行案例研究,结果表明,ISM模型的加入可深入挖掘事故因素间的相互关系,为事故致因因素重要度划分层级,分析结果及建议更具针对性。     

应急演练突发事件的情景构建研究和应用

近年来国家高度重视地方政府和企业的应急管理水平,传统的预测应对模式不能很好应对当今突发事件,而需要向情景应对模式转变。为了将情景构建技术更好的应用到应急管理领域中,本文研究并应用了应急演练突发事件的情景构建。首先,阐述了应急演练突发事件的情景结构模型;其次介绍了应急突发事件情景构建的步骤和具体内容;最后将重大突发事件情景构建应用到昆明市原油管道泄漏事故中进行分析。因此对于情景-应对型事故情景构建理论应用在石油石化企业生产安全事故方面具有重要借鉴意义。     

我国涉水旅游安全事故的时空分布及成因研究*

为探究我国涉水旅游安全事故的时空分布特征及事故成因机制,提升旅游目的地安全管理水平。以2010—2018年我国旅行社责任险平台的1 752起涉水旅游安全事故保险案例为数据源,利用社会网络分析方法,并结合Ucinet可视化分析技术构建事故时空分布模型及事故成因模型。结果表明:在时空分布规律上,我国涉水旅游安全事故具有较强的时间导向性和空间异质性;在事故成因规律上,游览环境因素和游客自身因素是导致事故发生的主要原因,同时不同影响因素之间具有较强的关联性。研究结果有助于深化旅游者及安全管理人员对涉水旅游安全风险认知,为相关旅游目的地安全管理工作提供理论依据。     

The role of local governments before and during chemical accidents,focusing on changes in hazardous chemical management systems

ABSTRACT

Disaster management spans actions before, during, and after disaster events. Changes in the roles and functions of local governments before a disaster can influence other stages of disaster management. After a chemical spill in 2012, South Korean hazardous chemical management tasks were returned to the central government and local governments’ roles and functions were reduced. To identify associated issues and enhance the hazardous chemical management system, this study analyzed changes in laws and policies and conducted interviews with stakeholders. While the changes helped with centralization, reinforcement, and specification, some loopholes were discovered. The information and human resource capacities of local governments and intra – and intergovernmental relations issues have hindered their active participation before and during chemical disasters. These loopholes can be addressed through institutional enhancements for local governments, such as including them in monitoring hazardous chemical handling facilities, developing codes articulating the division of tasks among departments within them, and providing adequate incentives for them to increase their personnel. This study provides empirical data that informs ongoing debates about the centralization and devolution of disaster management by linking local governments’ ordinary management systems to their disaster management activities.