数字化核电站SGTR事故操纵员认知分析

核电站主控室数字化后的人因特征包括数字化规程、警报系统、操作班组信息共享、界面管理任务,它们对操纵员认知可靠性都有重要影响。IDA认知模型把操纵员认知过程分为信息(Information)、诊断(Diagnosis)/决策(Decision)、执行(Action)3个阶段。按IDA模型把数字化核电站主控室操纵员SGTR事故认知过程分为3个阶段,对每个阶段进行操作分析,找到操纵员在SGTR事故认知过程各阶段最容易发生的失误和主要失误。操纵员认知失误发生的原因在于界面管理任务增大了认知难度以及数字化后缺乏情景意识等。     

2004年11-12月国内安全事故统计分析

统计了2004年11-12月国内发生的各种安全事故457起,包括矿业事故、交通事故、爆炸事故、火灾、毒物泄露和中毒及其他事故.统计表明,在这些事故中,矿业事故最多,占57.11%,平均每天4.3起事故,其次是交通事故(30.20%)、其他事故(5.91%)、爆炸事故(2.84%)、火灾(2.41%)、毒物泄露和中毒(1.53%).457起事故共死亡1 708人,伤1 211人,死亡人数的百分比分别为矿业事故47.95%、交通事故39.87%、其他事故5.97%、爆炸事故2.75%、火灾2.69%、泄露中毒0.76%;受伤人数的百分比分别为交通事故54.75%、矿业事故19.98%、泄露中毒10.07%、爆炸事故8.59%、其他事故5.95%、火灾0.66%.     

快速密闭时火区热物理参数变化规律的研究

在全尺寸巷道火灾试验中,利用48路全自动数据采集系统,研究了快速密闭条件下火区的燃烧状况及温度和压力变化规律.试验发现,作用在风门上的抽吸力很大,很快降到很小;而燃烧区的温度迅速上升,烟及挥发分的产物迅速增加,氧的相对含量下降,之后燃烧减弱,温度迅速下降;燃烧区高温烟气沿着顶板逆向迁移至密闭墙,使附近的温度迅速上升至293 ℃;快速密闭设施必须要有一定的刚性和耐火特性;对贫氧燃烧,有利于火区的惰化,而对富氧高挥发分燃料火灾,有爆炸的危险;适当减少供风量,截断供风后应及时采取惰化措施.     

环保型隧道防火涂料的研究

研制了一种可在潮湿环境中使用,火灾发生时无有害气体产生的环保型隧道防火涂料.涂料的粘结强度为0.4 MPa,耐水性大于20 d,烟气毒性达到AQ-1级.按ISO834曲线升温,涂层厚度13 mm时,耐火极限达到3.5 h;按碳氢曲线升温,涂层厚度20mm时,耐火极限达到3.0 h.为防止涂料加水拌和后沉淀分层,增加涂料的和易性,研制了一种分散剂.产品已工业化生产并应用于一些标志性隧道工程.     

尾矿库事故隐患及风险表征与防控方法*

为解决尾矿库安全隐患及风险,应用基于证据(Evidence-based)方法和事故树分析模型,辨识并表征尾矿库事故影响因素、隐患及耦合状态,根据事件发生可能性、潜在后果严重性和受体暴露程度相关独立参数,给出尾矿库事故风险表征方法,建立尾矿库事故多情景、多阶段（3段）、多层次和多等级（4级）风险防控框架。结果表明:对尾矿库5类事故（溃坝、漫顶、渗流、输送冒漏、库区扬尘）进行分析,得出基本事件或蛰伏隐患对尾矿库事故结构重要度或影响程度,给出尾矿库事故风险3维表征方法,并结合巴西布鲁马迪尼奥尾矿库进行实例应用,确定尾矿库风险等级（最高级4级）,验证方法可行性与有效性。研究结果可为尾矿库减灾防灾提供理论支撑与实践指导。     

Internal and External Factors Influencing Time-Related Injury Risk in Continuous Shift Work

Time-related accident risk in shift work may be attributed to internal factors, such as fatigue, level of performance, sleep propensity, and to some external factors, like shift system, physical and social environment. Six hundred and sixty-eight events in the metallurgical industry have been analysed in terms of time of day, time on task, consecutive day of the shift block, day of the week, and season.

The injury rate was similar on all shifts but more severe accidents happened in the nighttime. Somewhat more injuries occurred in the second half of the shift, in the second part of a shift block, and in summer compared with winter. There were fewer injuries at weekends.     

The role of local governments before and during chemical accidents,focusing on changes in hazardous chemical management systems

ABSTRACT

Disaster management spans actions before, during, and after disaster events. Changes in the roles and functions of local governments before a disaster can influence other stages of disaster management. After a chemical spill in 2012, South Korean hazardous chemical management tasks were returned to the central government and local governments’ roles and functions were reduced. To identify associated issues and enhance the hazardous chemical management system, this study analyzed changes in laws and policies and conducted interviews with stakeholders. While the changes helped with centralization, reinforcement, and specification, some loopholes were discovered. The information and human resource capacities of local governments and intra – and intergovernmental relations issues have hindered their active participation before and during chemical disasters. These loopholes can be addressed through institutional enhancements for local governments, such as including them in monitoring hazardous chemical handling facilities, developing codes articulating the division of tasks among departments within them, and providing adequate incentives for them to increase their personnel. This study provides empirical data that informs ongoing debates about the centralization and devolution of disaster management by linking local governments’ ordinary management systems to their disaster management activities.     

广东省突发环境事件应急预案体系建设现状分析与对策

环境应急预案体系建设在落实"一案三制"中具有重要作用。本文通过总结广东省突发环境事件应急预案体系的建设情况,梳理分析政府及企业突发环境事件应急预案在工作实践过程中遇到的问题,从顶层设计、功能定位、编制方法、改进机制等方面提出意见和建议,进一步健全环境应急管理体系。     

玻化微珠保温砂浆在隧道防火设计中的应用研究

针对当前多发的隧道火灾,探讨玻化微珠保温砂浆在隧道防火设计中的可行性。通过有限元计算分析,对设置玻化微珠保温砂浆隔热层的隧道衬砌结构防火性能进行研究,同时对不同火灾规模下隧道温度场的影响进行了分析。研究结果表明玻化微珠保温砂浆可以很好地阻止热量的入侵,初步验证了其在隧道防火应用的可行性,可为后续隧道防火设计及相关研究提供参考。     

圆梁山毛坝向斜段隧道涌突水灾害及对地下水的影响

深埋隧道涌突水对工程施工及区域环境都有很重要的影响 ,笔者通过圆梁山隧道毛坝向斜段涌突水监测数据 ,结合地表降水资料 ,分析了影响隧道排水量、隧道支护稳定性的主要自然因素及排水工程 ,对地表水环境产生的影响。监测和分析认为 ,隧道揭露的含水溶洞突水对当地水环境影响最大 ,也是地表降水对隧道支护产生影响的主要通道。