建筑幕墙振动台试验方法研究

在总结以往建筑幕墙抗震性能振动台试验研究方法和经验的基础上,指出现行方法的缺点和不足;提出基于加速度反应和位移反应的抗震性能指标和改进的试验方法,并以实例说明该方法用于判断幕墙抗震性能的有效性,探讨了试验中实现加速度与位移反应相协调的方法,分析了该改进试验方法还存在的问题和不足;进一步提出了基于楼层反应谱的试验新概念,即以满足一定的楼层加速度反应谱和相对位移反应谱的地震波作为地震输入,分析了用于模拟地震振动台试验的反应谱要求和波形再现的要求。可为建筑幕墙抗震性能研究和试验方法研究以及工程实践提供借鉴。     

Soil salinity evolution and its relationship with dynamics of groundwater in the oasis of inland river basins: case study from the Fubei region of Xinjiang Province, China

Soil salinization is an important worldwide environmental problem, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Knowledge of its temporal and spatial variability is crucial for the management of oasis agriculture. The study area has experienced dramatic change in the shallow groundwater table and soil salinization during the 20th century, especially in the past two decades. Classical statistics, geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) were applied to estimate the spatial variability of the soil salt content in relation to the shallow groundwater table and land use from 1983 to 2005. Consumption of reservoir water for agricultural irrigation was the main cause of a rise in the shallow groundwater table under intense evapotranspiration conditions, and this led indirectly to soil salinization. The area of soil salt accumulation was greater in irrigated than in non-irrigated landscape types with an increasing of 40.04% from 1983 to 2005 in cropland at ∼0.43 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, and an increase at ∼0.68 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in saline alkaline land. Maps of the shallow groundwater table in 1985 and 2000 were used to deduce maps for 1983 and 1999, respectively, and the registration accuracy was 99%.     

超高层筒体结构模型振动台地震破坏试验研究

就超高层筒体结构在地震作用下的动力特性与破坏反应,对一个1∶50比例的超高层建筑模型进行了微震、强震直至破坏的振动台试验研究。试验通过满足弹性—重力相似条件得到原型结构在地震作用下的动力特性与破坏现象。结果表明,结构的横向二阶以上及竖向一阶振动对结构的抗震安全性起控制作用,结构中上部是抗震薄弱部位,试验破坏现象与实际震害吻合。     

The orientation of disaster donations: differences in the global response to five major earthquakes

This study analyses the influence of gift giving, geographical location, political regime, and trade openness on disaster donation decisions, using five severe earthquakes that occurred between 2008 and 2012 as case studies. The results show that global disaster donation is not dominated by only philanthropy or trade interests, and that the determinants of donation decisions vary with the scale of the natural disaster and the characteristics of the disaster‐affected countries. While gift giving exists in the case of middle‐size earthquakes, political regimes play a very important part in the overall donation process. Countries with higher perceived corruption may donate more frequently, but those that are more democratic may be more generous in their donations. Generosity based on geographical proximity to the calamity is significant in the decision‐making process for most natural disasters, yet it may have a negative effect on donations in Latin America and the Caribbean.     

桩基缺陷偏心的二维效应分析

桩基低应变动测中经常会遇到桩身缺陷偏于一边的情况。对此 ,不同的检测人员可能会给出有一定差异的检测结果 ,这给有关部门对缺陷桩的定性以及决策带来不便。本文针对桩基低应变动测中可能遇到的桩身缺陷偏心问题 ,采用二维波动有限元方法进行数值模拟分析 ,研究桩身缺陷偏心的二维效应 ,分析缺陷偏心时桩顶各部位振动信号的差异 ,探讨对缺陷偏心桩在现场检测中应注意的问题。     

下蜀土边坡地震稳定性的大型振动台试验研究(Ⅱ)——试验结果及分析

选用天然下蜀土,设计并完成了一几何相似常数为20、坡高为0.5 m、坡角为45°的模型边坡1 g大型振动台试验,通过对模型边坡动力特性、动力反应及宏观变形等三方面的研究,揭示了下蜀土边坡的地震反应机理。试验结果表明,下蜀土边坡有着稳定的一、二阶自振频率和阻尼比,随着地震动加载幅值(PGA)逐渐增大,其一阶自振频率逐渐减小,一阶阻尼比逐渐增大;坡高范围内,PGA放大系数均大于1,且自下而上逐渐增大,并在坡肩处达到最大,其在坡脚处的值小于水平方向其他位置处的值,输入El Centro波(经时间相似常数4.47压缩)时的值分别大于输入El Centro原波和Kobe波(经时间相似常数4.47压缩)时的值;随着输入PGA的增大,土体非线性特征逐渐增强,边坡也逐渐趋于失稳破坏状态;震后模型边坡坡脚、坡顶等部位出现了不同程度的裂缝,说明边坡中出现了通过坡脚的(潜在)滑动面。     

土-结构相互作用振动台试验模型简化方法探讨

考虑到地震模拟振动台本身的承载能力限制、土体及边界条件模拟的复杂性、模型缩尺比例不能过小等因素,提出了一种在地震模拟振动台试验中简化考虑土-结构相互作用的方法,并以某海上高耸塔结构为例说明了该方法的可行性。利用有限元软件ETABS9.0.0建立了两个三维有限元模型:考虑土-结构相互作用模型(模型A)和简化模型(模型B)。其中,模型B上部结构与模型A相同,通过模态分析、反应谱分析和时程分析反复调整基础结构形式,使两个模型的上部结构地震反应相同。调整得到的模型B,即为考虑土-结构相互作用的简化模型,可为土-结构相互作用地震模拟振动台试验提供参考。     

Five approaches to producing actionable science in conservation

The knowledge produced by conservation scientists must be actionable in order to address urgent conservation challenges. To understand the process of creating actionable science, we interviewed 71 conservation scientists who had participated in 1 of 3 fellowship programs focused on training scientists to become agents of change. Using a grounded theory approach, we identified 16 activities that these researchers employed to make their scientific products more actionable. Some activities were more common than others and, arguably, more foundational. We organized these activities into 3 nested categories (motivations, strategies, and tactics). Using a co-occurrence matrix, we found that most activities were positively correlated. These correlations allowed us to identify 5 approaches, framed as profiles, to actionable science: the discloser, focused on open access; the educator, focused on science communication; the networker, focused on user needs and building relationships; the collaborator, focused on boundary spanning; and the pluralist, focused on knowledge coproduction resulting in valuable outcomes for all parties. These profiles build on one another in a hierarchy determined by their complexity and level of engagement, their potential to support actionable science, and their proximity to ideal coproduction with knowledge users. Our results provide clear guidance for conservation scientists to generate actionable science to address the global biodiversity conservation challenge.     

Characterizing the trophy hunting debate on Twitter

Social media is an arena of debate for contentious political and social topics. One conservation topic debated online is the acceptability of trophy hunting, a debate that has implications for national and international policy. We used a mixed-methods approach (grounded theory and quantitative clustering) to identify themes in the trophy hunting debate on Twitter. We examined commonly co-occurring categories that describe people's stances on trophy hunting. We identified 12 categories and 4 preliminary archetypes opposing trophy hunting—activism, scientific, condemning, and objecting—whose opposition derived from different moral reasoning. Few tweets (22) in our sample of 500 supported trophy hunting, whereas 350 opposed it. The debate was hostile; 7% of tweets in our sample were categorized as abusive. Online debates can be unproductive, and our findings may be important for stakeholders wishing to effectively engage in the trophy hunting debate on Twitter. More generally, we contend that because social media is increasingly influential, it is important to formally contextualize public responses to contentious conservation topics in order to aid communication of conservation evidence and to integrate diverse public perspectives in conservation practice.     

Revisiting two dogmas of conservation science

Conservation science is a morally motivated field, with implicit and explicit values built into its practice. As such, conservationists must engage with conservation ethics to interrogate underlying values. We examine cutting-edge ecological science and contemporary ethics to revisit two conservation norms that have become dogmatic in the field: ecological collectives, but not individual animals, are valuable and anthropomorphism should be staunchly avoided. Emerging studies demonstrate that individuals and their intraspecific variation can be instrumentally valuable for conservation science, and there is an emerging consensus within environmental philosophy around the moral worth of individuals. Thus, we suggest conservation science should explicitly recognize the value of individuals. We also argue that avoiding anthropomorphism is detrimental to conservation because critical anthropomorphism enables a more nuanced scientific approach—allowing conservationists to ask enlightened questions with creativity and compassion. We provide evidence that both dogmatic norms are scientifically and morally outdated and propose new normative values to push conservation towards more robust science and ethical practice.