如何推动地方落实13万个建制村的环境综合整治任务

随着我国财税体制改革步伐的不断加快,农村环境"以奖促治"政策的实施范围、推进方式、资金管理等发生了深刻变化,同时,一些地方农村环境综合整治又存在政府积极性不高、责任难以落实、环境成效较差的问题,如何推动地方落实《水污染防治行动计划》提出的,到2020年完成13万个建制村的环境综合整治任务,是现阶段我国农村环境综合整治面临的新形势。本文在准确把握当前农村环境综合整治形势下,提出了今后一个时期推进我国农村环境综合整治的工作思路,分别从严格目标考核、引入激励机制、建立长效机制和重视各方参与4个方面,提出了约束与激励相结合的农村环境保护措施,以期为新时期深化"以奖促治"政策、推进农村环境综合整治提供参考和借鉴。     

Changes in the quality of river water before, during and after a major flood event associated with a La Niña cycle and treatment for drinking purposes

The treatment of organics present in the lower reaches of a major river system（the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia） before（March–July 2010）, during（December 2010–May 2011） and after（April–December 2012） a major flood period was investigated. The flood period（over 6 months）occurred during an intense La Nia cycle, leading to rapid and high increases in river flows and organic loads in the river water. Dissolved organic carbon（DOC） increased（2–3 times） to high concentrations（up to 16 mg/L） and was found to correlate with river flow rates. The treatability of organics was studied using conventional jar tests with alum and an enhanced coagulation model（mEnCo）. Predicted mean alum dose rates（per mg DOC） were higher before（9.1 mg alum/mg DOC） and after（8.5 mg alum/mg DOC） than during the flood event（8.0 mg alum/mg DOC）,indicating differences in the character of the organics in raw waters. To assess the character of natural organic matter present in raw and treated waters, high performance size exclusion chromatography with UV and fluorescence detectors were used. During the flood period, high molecular weight UV absorbing compounds（〉2 kDa） were mostly detected in waters collected,but were not evident in waters collected before and afterwards. The relative abundances of humic-like and protein-like compounds during and following the flood period were also investigated and found to be of a higher molecular weight during the flood period. The treatability of the organics was found to vary over the three climate conditions investigated.     

大连英那河水库氮磷营养盐分析及富营养化评价

根据英那河水库2013年全年水质监测数据,分析该水库中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及叶绿素(Chl-a)等水质指标的季节性变化规律,并进行富营养化评价。结果表明:英那河水库TN和TP年均浓度分别为2.44 mg/L和0.015 mg/L,其中TN浓度超出《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类标准,N/P值为110-602,水库为磷限制型水库;TN和Chl-a浓度随季节变化显著,TP浓度较小,无明显变化;富营养化评价表明,英那河水库为中营养,污染源主要为上游来水的氮源。     

Pitfalls in the application of utility functions to the valuation of human life

Safety strategies in the process and other industries depend ultimately on how much the owners and operators decide should be spent on protection systems to protect workers and the public from potential plant hazards. An important input to decisions of this sort is the value of life, which needs to be assessed in a valid manner so that safety decisions can be made properly. A key reference point for decisions on safety investment decisions in the UK is a 1999 study on the “value of a prevented fatality” (VPF), which employs a two-injury chained model that has been shown previously by the present authors to possess internal inconsistencies. The 1999 study made extensive use of utility functions to interpret survey data, and it is this feature that is explored in this paper. It will be explained here how different forms of utility function of the Exponential family can produce the same figure for an intermediate parameter in the calculation of the VPF from the two-injury chained model. Exponential utility functions are, however, unlikely to provide a realistic representation if their calculated risk-aversions need to be negative or zero in order to match survey data, which would imply an incautious attitude amongst those taking decisions on safety. The use of an incompletely specified wealth threshold in the utility modelling is explored in the light of a proposal by the authors of the 1999 study that a second utility function can be used to determine the individual's utility when his wealth lies below the threshold, which constitutes the lower limit of validity of the first utility function. The proposition is shown to be untenable. The results presented in this paper raise further concerns about the lack of validity of the 1999 study on which the UK VPF is based and hence on the safety decisions that have been made in consequence.     

Two‐Stage Ditch Floodplains Enhance N‐Removal Capacity and Reduce Turbidity and Dissolved P in Agricultural Streams

Two‐stage ditches represent an emerging management strategy in artificially drained agricultural landscapes that mimics natural floodplains and has the potential to improve water quality. We assessed the potential for the two‐stage ditch to reduce sediment and nutrient export by measuring water column turbidity, nitrate (NO₃^?), ammonium (NH₄⁺), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations, and denitrification rates. During 2009‐2010, we compared reaches with two‐stage floodplains to upstream reaches with conventional trapezoid design in six agricultural streams. At base flow, these short two‐stage reaches (<600 m) reduced SRP concentrations by 3‐53%, but did not significantly reduce NO₃^? concentrations due to very high NO₃^? loads. The two‐stage also decreased turbidity by 15‐82%, suggesting reduced suspended sediment export during floodplain inundation. Reach‐scale N‐removal increased 3‐24 fold during inundation due to increased bioreactive surface area with high floodplain denitrification rates. Inundation frequency varied with bench height, with lower benches being flooded more frequently, resulting in higher annual N‐removal. We also found both soil organic matter and denitrification rates were higher on older floodplains. Finally, influence of the two‐stage varied among streams and years due to variation in stream discharge, nutrient loads, and denitrification rates, which should be considered during implementation to optimize potential water quality benefits.     

淮河流域安徽段水体成组生物毒性评价

在淮河流域安徽段某区域采集了3个地表水样和12个地下水样,通过大型溞急性毒性(活动抑制)、微核及SOS/umu试验,分析了这些水样的急性毒性及遗传毒性。结果表明,急性毒性测试中,该区域地表水及大部分地下水的急性毒性均未超过US EPA废水排放毒性的控制要求(0.3 TU),有2个位点的地下水样毒性当量为0.31 TU,超过限值;经t-test分析,地表水的急性毒性显著高于地下水。SOS/umu检测中,2个地表水样和7个地下水样的结果呈阳性,表现出DNA损伤效应,其诱导率IR在(2.20±0.063)~(3.36±0.067)之间,对应的致癌风险P基本处在10-6~10-7水平。微核检测结果表明,3个地表水样具有较严重的染色体损伤效应,9个地下水样表现为阴性。总之,该区域地表水急性毒性及遗传毒性相对较高;部分浅层地下水也存在一定程度的急性毒性和遗传毒性,致癌风险处在可接受范围,但仍可能对周围居民的健康产生潜在威胁;而深层地下水没有检测到任何毒性效应。研究为周边居民饮水安全和人体健康提供了基础信息。     

Investing in climate change adaptation and mitigation: A methodological review of real-options studies

Uncertain future payoffs and irreversible costs characterize investment in climate change adaptation and mitigation. Under these conditions, it is relevant to analyze investment decisions in a real options framework, as this approach takes into account the economic value associated with investment time flexibility. In this paper, we provide an overview of the literature adopting a real option approach to analyze investment in climate change adaptation and mitigation, and examine how the uncertain impacts of climate change on the condition of the human environment, risk preferences, and strategic interactions among decisions-makers have been modeled. We found that the complex nature of uncertainties associated with climate change is typically only partially taken into account and that the analysis is usually limited to decisions taken by individual risk neutral profit maximizers. Our findings call for further research to fill the identified gaps.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01342-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

城市烂尾楼建筑废弃物的二次有效利用研究

城市烂尾楼拆除有助于提升城市总体形象,但拆除后的建筑废弃物又会对城市环境造成严重的污染,为此提出一种针对烂尾楼建筑废弃物有效处理及二次利用的方法研究.基于循环经济理论及废弃物破损理论,设计了一种建筑废弃物再生利用工艺方法,利用建筑废弃物再生设备将废弃物破碎后再进行筛分处理,详尽分析了影响废弃物再生的各项工艺因素,提高废弃物再生骨料的性能,实现对烂尾楼建筑废弃物的二次有效利用.结果表明,提出的方法研究性能稳定、可靠、可以降低烂尾楼拆除成本,具有一定的推广价值.     

合成革工业园区污水处理工程工艺设计

福鼎龙安合成革污水处理厂二期工程处理规模为1000m3/d，采用两级厌氧+两级A/O工艺处理龙安合成革生产基地各企业的外排废水。简要介绍了该工程的设计进出水质、工艺流程的确定和主要工艺参数选取，以及设计结果。     

Variation with Land Use of Immune Function and Prevalence of Avian Pox in Galapagos Finches

Introduced disease has been implicated in recent wildlife extinctions and population declines worldwide. Both anthropogenic‐induced change and natural environmental features can affect pathogen spread. Furthermore, environmental disturbance can result in changes in stress physiology, nutrition, and social structure, which in turn can suppress immune system function. However, it remains unknown whether landscape variation results in heterogeneity in host resistance to pathogens. Avian pox virus, a pathogen implicated in avian declines and extinctions in Hawaii, was introduced to the Galapagos in the 1890s, and prevalence (total number of current infections) has increased recently in finches. We tested whether prevalence and recovery trends in 7 species of Galapagos finches varied by elevation or human land use. To do so, we used infection data obtained from 545 wild‐caught birds. In addition, we determined whether annual changes in 4 aspects of innate immune function (complement protein activity, natural antibody activity, concentration of PIT54 protein, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio) varied by elevation or land use. Prevalence and recovery rates did not vary by elevation from 2008 to 2009. Avian pox prevalence and proportion of recovered individuals in undeveloped and urban areas did not change from 2008 to 2009. In agricultural areas, avian pox prevalence increased 8‐fold (from 2% to 17% of 234 individuals sampled) and proportion of recovered individuals increased (11% to 19%) from 2008 to 2009. These results suggest high disease‐related mortality. Variation in immune function across human land‐use types correlated with variation in both increased prevalence and susceptibility, which indicates changes in innate immune function may underlie changes in disease susceptibility. Our results suggest anthropogenic disturbance, in particular agricultural practices, may underlie immunological changes in host species that themselves contribute to pathogen emergence. Variación con el Uso de Suelo de la Función Inmune y la Prevalencia de la Varicela Aviar en Pinzones de las Galápagos