深井受限空间内作业人员的眼动特征研究

为探索能反映深井受限空间对作业者影响程度的眼动指标,为井下行为安全管理提供依据,将20名眼动指标相近的成员随机分为A,B两组,分别在普通环境中和高温深井环境中开展实验,以文献摘要为刺激材料,运用Tobii X2-30眼动仪进行眼动测量,运用单因素多元方差分析及多重比较法分析眼动数据。发现注视点总数、总注视时间、眼跳次数和总眼跳时间指标的差异有显著性,B组值大于A组;注视点平均注视时间、平均眨眼时间、平均瞳孔直径和总眼跳时间占比等指标无显著差异;两组被试的注视轨迹变化显著,因此 对井下人员的生理信息采集应当注重5个关键的眼动指标。     

Characterization of dissolved organic carbon and Humic substances in the well water of the Blackfoot disease area in Taiwan

Since the early 1960s, many investigators have reported that blackfoot disease, a peripheral vascular disease, observed in southwestern Taiwan is due to drinking the higher arsenic concentration in well water. However, recent studies indicated that the relationship with blackfoot disease is not only with arsenic but also humic substances. This paper presents some results concerning the characterization (such as fluorescence, elemental composition, molecular weight and carbon distribution) of humic substances isolated from the Fuhsing well water of the blackfoot disease area. For comparison, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and humic substances in the normal well water from Chiuying and the Nanwan coastal water were also analyzed. In general, in the well water of the blackfoot disease area, extremely high concentrations of DOC (18.5mg/L) and fulvic acid (7.54mg/L) with high fluorescence intensity (59.1, equivalent to 0.0282uM quinine sulfate solution) and high percentages (over 50%) of low molecular weights of less than 1,000 were obtained compared with those of normal waters. C‐13 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a high content (37.2%) of aromatic carbon. These higher concentrations of DOC and fulvic acid with the higher content of aromatic carbon in well water might be one of the key factors causing the blackfoot disease in Taiwan.     

间作栽培对连作马铃薯根际土壤微生物区系的影响

为探究不同间作栽培模式缓解马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum）连作障碍的可行性及作用机制,以马铃薯单作为对照,研究马铃薯间作玉米（Zea mays）、蚕豆（Vicia faba）和荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum）3种模式对连作马铃薯根际土壤养分含量及微生物区系的影响.结果表明,间作种植模式下马铃薯根际土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量显著低于马铃薯单作,根际土壤速效磷降幅最大,达45％以上,土壤pH值明显下降.间作栽培模式改变了马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落结构,降低了根际土壤真菌的数量;间作栽培模式对马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落的碳源利用能力也有明显影响,其中马铃薯间作蚕豆和间作玉米处理马铃薯根际土壤微生物培养120 h的平均颜色变化率分别比对照高13.39％和4.30％.马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落总体上对碳水化合物利用率较高,对芳香化合物的利用率较低.间作蚕豆明显促进了马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落的碳源代谢强度,而且能维持较稳定的产量,因而可能是一种有利于改善马铃薯连作栽培根际微生态环境、缓解连作障碍的栽培模式.     

Toxic elements in well water from Malaysia

Toxic elements present in well water that is used for drinking pose a threat to the human health in many countries. However, there are few reports on the toxic elements in well water in Malaysia. Since a native doctor informed us about the increasing number of patients with depigmented skin (vitiligo) in Rosob Village, Sabah State, Malaysia, the origin of diseases associated with well water was suspected. Thus, the concentrations of 15 toxic elements in 52 well water samples from Rosob (n = 21), and the control areas of Pitas (n = 8) and Telaga (n = 23) within the same state were measured. No toxic elements with levels exceeding that of the WHO health-based guidelines were detected in the well water samples from Pitas and Telaga. On the other hand, the concentration levels of arsenic (As), uranium (U), and manganese (Mn), independently found in 19% (4/21), 4.8% (1/21), and 19% (4/21), respectively, of the well water samples from Rosob, exceeded the levels given in the WHO health-based guidelines. In the well water samples from Rosob, the average concentration of Mn was found to be higher and its maximum value with levels up to 10-fold higher, respectively, than the value in the WHO health-based guidelines. Significant correlations between Mn and As and between Mn and U were noted. Thus, for the first time, the results of this pilot study showed that the levels of the toxic elements in 42.9% (9/21) of well water samples from Rosob in Malaysia were higher than the values in WHO health-based guidelines indicating the need for further studies.     

油田单井清洁生产探讨

江苏油田某基层采油队边远单井为例,对单井实施清洁生产现状和问题进行分析,从单井采油生产地面工程配套工艺技术、清洁生产配套工艺等方面,探索单井实施清洁生产的有效措施和办法.     

Work‐related stress in a humanitarian context: a qualitative investigation

There is a paucity of research on the subjective stress‐related experiences of humanitarian aid workers. Most evaluations of stress among these individuals focus on trauma and related conditions or adopt a quantitative approach. This interview‐based study explored how 58 humanitarian aid workers employed by a United Nations‐aligned organisation perceived the transactional stress process. The thematic analysis revealed eight main topics of interest: an emergency culture was found where most employees felt compelled to offer an immediate response to humanitarian needs; employees identified strongly with humanitarian goals and reported a high level of engagement; the rewards of humanitarian work were perceived as motivating and meaningful; constant change and urgent demands resulted in work overload; and managing work–life boundaries and receiving positive support from colleagues and managers helped to buffer perceived stress, work overload, and negative health outcomes. The practical implications of the results are discussed and suggestions made in the light of current research and stress theory.     

稠油热采井防砂筛管失效机理及完整性研究

目的 防止热采井筛管损坏,延长热采井防砂有效期.方法 基于有限元理论,分别针对基管和外保护套,开展热采井优质防砂筛管在不同热应力补偿器及其安放间隔条件下的完整性研究,并开展室内实验,探究筛管在腐蚀、冲蚀共同影响下的失效规律.结果 目前现场所使用的热应力补偿器设计基本满足防砂筛管基管的力学完整性需求,但无法保证外保护套的...     

DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF SECONDARY EFFLUENT IN DADE COUNTY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Data were obtained from drilling and testing of a test injection well for deep underground injection of waste water effluent from the proposed 50-million-gallon-per-day (mgd) South District Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant of the Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Authority, Dade County, Florida. The drilling operation progressed in stages, each stage coverting the strata to be sealed off by the 48-inch, 40-inch, 30-inch, and 20-inch casings, respectively. Total depth of the well is 3,200 feet. The top of the saline, cavernous, dolomitic Boulder Zone was found at 2,790 feet below the surface and is separated from the Floridan aquifer above by approximately 1,100 feet of confining limestone layers. These confining layers were determined, by packer testing, to be very effective. The transmissivity of the Boulder Zone was estimated to be 14 × 10⁶ gallons per day per foot (gpd/ft) from the data obtained from pump out tests. An 8,000-gallon-per-minute (gpm) injection test was conducted to confirm well performance under operating conditions. Based on all of the data obtained, it was concluded that underground injection into the Boulder Zone of secondary waste water effluent from the proposed treatment plant is feasible, both hydraulically and environmentally. A monitoring system was proposed to provide a record of the effects of injection on the subsurface environment.     

河道硬化对傍河地下水源补给结构及范围的影响

为研究傍河地下水的水均衡状况,以及傍河水源井群补给范围受河道硬化的影响,选取张家口盆地的Y傍河地下水源地为研究对象.采用数值模拟法建立研究区地下水数值模型,通过水均衡分析探究河道硬化对傍河地下水水均衡状况造成的影响;利用MODPATH对水源井群进行质点反向示踪模拟,获得井口质点向前追踪1 000 d的补给范围,对比水源井群补给范围并结合历史与近期水质数据分析河道硬化造成的影响.结果表明:①傍河地下水水均衡情况显示,主要的补给项为边界流入和降雨入渗,二者补给量分别为208.04×103与35.91×103 m3/d,占比分别为82.88%与14.31%;主要的排泄项为边界流出与地下水开采,二者排泄量分别为152.12×103与95.40×103 m3/d,占比分别为60.60%与38.01%.②河道硬化对傍河地下水水均衡的影响表现为河水对地下水的入渗量减少了46.79×103 m3/d,入渗量减幅为86.91%,且地下水停止了对河水的排泄,补给范围地下水水位下降了2~6 m.③河道硬化对傍河水源井群补给范围的影响表现为井群1 000 d的补给范围沿河流方向上减少了271 m,垂直河流的最宽距离增加了210 m,面积增加了0.77 km2,补给区域向远离河岸的方向发生偏移.④河道硬化对傍河地下水水质影响表现为河道硬化后傍河地下水pH、总硬度、氨氮浓度等均下降,有效减少了地表水污染物的入渗,但地下水的化学环境发生改变,潜在风险增加.研究显示,河道硬化极大地阻碍了河流与地下水之间的相互作用,严重影响了傍河地下水源的补给量和补给范围,使水源井群的补给区域发生偏移,给傍河地下水水源安全带来新的潜在风险.      

油井酸化缓蚀剂述评

本文扼要介绍了国内外近年来在研究和应用油井酸化缓蚀剂方面的现状和发展，并列出了美国几家公司研制的缓蚀剂的性能试验数据。对目前我国的研究工作提出了看法和建议。