TeO2掺杂TiO2催化超声降解甲基橙溶液的研究

采用自制的TeO2 掺杂TiO2 作为催化剂 ,研究了各种因素对TeO2 掺杂TiO2 催化超声降解甲基橙的影响。研究结果表明在TeO2掺杂TiO2 作用下超声降解甲基橙的效果明显优于非掺杂TiO2 的情况。 1 .5 %掺杂的催化剂用量在 1 .5～ 2 .0g/L之间 ,超声波频率 2 5kHz,输出功率 1 .0w/cm2 ,pH为 1 .0～ 3 .0时 ,初始浓度 2 0mg/L的条件 ,80min基本可全部降解 ,COD的去除率也达到了 99.0 %。     

Transesterification of hazelnut oil by ultrasonic irradiation

Ultrasonic irradiation is considered an effective way to increase mass transfer between immiscible liquid–liquid phases in a heterogeneous system leading to faster transesterification and higher yield and saving excess methanol and catalyst. In this study, the transesteri?cation of hazelnut oil with methanol and ethanol was performed in the presence of potassium hydroxide or sodium methoxide as a catalyst using two types of ultrasonic irradiation with a probe (20 kHz, 200 W) and a bath (35 kHz, 400 W); a conventional production method was also used. The reaction time, alcohol:oil molar ratio, catalyst type (KOH or NaOCH₃), and catalyst amount (wt.% of oil) were studied as experimental parameters. The highest methyl ester conversion was obtained as 98.12% by using ultrasonic probe at a 5:1 methanol:oil molar ratio with KOH 1 wt.% of oil as catalyst in 20-min reaction time at autogenous temperature. The application of ultrasonic irradiation by using a probe decreased the level of energy consumption, showing that this method may be a promising alternative compared with the conventional production method.     

低声能密度超声波破解污泥的效果研究

以生活污水处理厂污泥为研究对象,采用超声波技术进行污泥破解,研究不同声能密度和超声作用时间对污泥预处理效果的影响。结果表明,低声能密度超声波在120min内可破碎污泥絮体,分解细胞壁,使胞内有机物溶出;延长超声作用时间、增加声能密度均有助于污泥中有机物、氮、磷等物质的释放,当声能密度为0.10 W/mL、超声作用时间为120 min时,溶解性COD(SCOD)、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性多糖、TN、氨氮、TP、正磷酸盐的浓度较破解前分别提高了29.99、44.49、17.31、14.06、3.19、1.35、1.00倍;破解污泥释放出的氮以有机氮为主,磷的释放作用不明显。利用Pearson相关性分析得知,在声能密度变化条件下,除TP外,SCOD、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性多糖、TN、氨氮、正磷酸盐之间均呈极显著相关(p0.01);在超声作用时间变化条件下,各指标间均呈极显著相关(p0.01)。     

超声-紫外光协同催化体系降解水中菲

以纳米TiO_2为催化剂,采用超声-紫外光协同催化体系降解水中菲,并考察了菲降解率的影响因素。实验结果表明:不同类型TiO_2对菲降解率的大小顺序为锐钛矿型TiO_2P25型TiO_2金红石型TiO_2;超声-紫外光协同催化体系对菲的降解率大于单独超声体系或紫外光催化体系,且均遵从一级反应动力学规律;在超声频率为60k Hz、声强为0.233 W/cm2、TiO_2投加量为0.06 g/L、pH为4.0、H_2O_2浓度为19.59 mmol/L的条件下降解75 min后,超声-紫外光协同催化体系对初始质量浓度为0.96 mg/L的菲的降解率可达76.78%。     

紫下大桥安全检测与评价方法研究

钢桥因具有跨径大、承载能力强、施工工期短等特点,被世界各国广泛采用,但在使用过程中,由于重载甚至超载车辆的反复作用、自然灾害的侵袭及交通事故等人为因素的作用,经常造成桥梁损伤和局部破坏,导致桥梁承载能力和耐久性的降低,甚至影响到运营的安全。本文建立了钢拱桥的健康检测和安全评价方法,采用防腐涂层厚度测定、结合强度测定、无损探伤和动静载荷试验等手段对紫下大桥健康状况进行了检测,采用不确定层次分析法对大桥进行了安全评价,提出了处理意见和措施,为既有钢拱桥的健康检测、评价和维护积累了有益的资料。     

Source term characterisation using concentration trends and geochemical associations of Pb and Zn in river sediments in the vicinity of a disused mine site: Implications for contaminant metal dispersion processes

River sediment at a disused lead-zinc mine was analysed to provide an understanding of the chemical nature of the source term for contaminated sediment exported from the site. Changes in concentration and geochemical associations of Pb and Zn were measured using aqua regia digestion and the BCR sequential extraction procedure. Sediment in the immediate vicinity of the mine was highly contaminated with Pb (max. c. 11,000 mg kg⁻¹) and Zn (max. c. 30,000 mg kg⁻¹), but these values declined rapidly within 1 km of the mine due to dilution and hydraulic sorting. Lead fractionation changed from being predominantly in the reducible fraction to being in the acetic acid-extractable fraction, whereas Zn was predominantly in the residual fraction. This material is transported as fine sediment in the river system.     

Modelling the long-term consequences of a hypothetical dispersal of radioactivity in an urban area including remediation alternatives

The Urban Remediation Working Group of the International Atomic Energy Agency's EMRAS (Environmental Modelling for Radiation Safety) program was organized to address issues of remediation assessment modelling for urban areas contaminated with dispersed radionuclides. The present paper describes the second of two modelling exercises. This exercise was based on a hypothetical dispersal of radioactivity in an urban area from a radiological dispersal device, with reference surface contamination at selected sites used as the primary input information. Modelling endpoints for the exercise included radionuclide concentrations and external dose rates at specified locations, contributions to the dose rates from individual surfaces, and annual and cumulative external doses to specified reference individuals. Model predictions were performed for a “no action” situation (with no remedial measures) and for selected countermeasures. The exercise provided an opportunity for comparison of three modelling approaches, as well as a comparison of the predicted effectiveness of various countermeasures in terms of their short-term and long-term effects on predicted doses to humans.     

超声波处理剩余污泥有机物、氮和磷的释放特性研究

以生活污水处理厂污泥为研究对象.采用超声波技术研究了污泥破解过程中有机物、氮和磷的释放规律.结果表明,在声能密度为0.167、0.330、0.500 W/mL的条件下,污泥中的有机物、氮和磷的释放均随超声时间而增加;破解后污泥释放出的有机物以分子量(MW)≤2 000的物质为主,且上清液BOD5/COD>0.33;所释放的氮以有机氮为主,其次是氨氮,污泥破解液COD/凯氏氮平均值为11,适合于生物法脱氮;污泥破解所释放的正磷酸盐约占污泥总磷质量的6.0%～18.2%.利用沉淀结晶法将其回收,可减轻原污水处理工艺的磷负荷.     

超声辐射法降解废水中的二甲苯、苯酚和丙烯腈

采用频率为20kHz的超声波处理二甲苯、丙稀腈、苯酚溶液。实验结果表明,在二甲苯初始质量浓度为27．6mg／L、H2O2质量浓度为1．68g／L、溶液温度为25℃、声强为141．32W／cm^2、辐射全程时间为60min的条件下,二甲苯降解率可达99．20％;在丙烯腈初始质量浓度为100．0mg／L、通氧量为15mL／rain、溶液温度为28℃、声强为141．32W／cm^2、辐射全程时间为30rain的条件下,丙烯腈降解率可达98．20％;在苯酚初始质量浓度为20．0mg／L、H202质量浓度为1．50g／L、FeSO4质量浓度为0．22g／L、溶液温度为28℃、声强为48．92W／cm^2、辐射全程时间为40rain的条件下,苯酚降解率可达99．81％。     

含硫化亚铁颗粒的乳化原油净化处理方法

采用超声波和离心法在室内进行了从被硫化亚铁颗粒污染的乳化原油中回收原油的试验,试验结果表明:超声波-离心-溶剂稀释-离心处理工艺中,超声波处理工序主要用于乳化原油中游离水和部分乳化水的脱除,以降低后续离心处理工序的负荷。用超声波-离心处理工序分离出的沉渣和油、水过渡层经溶剂稀释后进行第二次离心处理。两次离心处理中所得到的净化油混合可作为商品原油外输,第二次离心处理中分离出的沉渣和油、水过渡层经进一步除油后可作为固体废物处理。