超声预处理对污泥电脱水特性的改进

探讨超声波预处理对污泥电脱水性能的影响,并找到超声波预处理能够对电脱水产生促进作用的最佳工况。以天津市纪庄子污水处理厂的污泥为研究对象,采用自制的超声预处理电渗透污泥脱水装置进行试验,考察超声波声强和作用时间等因素对污泥电脱水效果的影响。试验开始前对污泥在0.1 MPa压力下进行机械预压0.5min,使污泥挤压密实,以保证电流和超声波在污泥介质中能够均匀平稳地流通。在整个脱水过程中机械压力恒定在0.1 MPa,总作用时间为5.5 min;电脱水过程中电压控制在60 V(泥饼厚度为2 cm),总作用时间为5 min。结果表明,在固定频率20 k Hz、相同电场和压力场作用下,适当的超声波声强和预处理时间能够对电渗透脱水产生积极作用,且超声预处理的最佳作用工况为声强0.510 W/cm2(功率40 W),超声预处理3.5 min。在最佳作用工况下,污泥脱水率达到24.35%,同时减缓了电流的衰减速率,增强了电脱水的效果。     

超声与碱耦合作用破解剩余污泥的效能分析

超声与碱耦合方法破解污泥,可破坏污泥絮体结构,使污泥胞内外物质进入水相.本试验采用超声与碱耦合方法破解剩余污泥,研究污泥破解过程前后SCOD、pH值以及氨氮的变化.经超声与碱耦合预处理后,污泥上清液SCOD有大幅度提高.当加碱调节污泥pH为12,超声破解30 min后,污泥溶液SCOD溶出率从3.96%增加到27.88%.加碱后污泥经超声破解,其pH值有所下降,污泥溶液氨氮值会有所增加,但变化幅度不大.污泥温度随破解时间的延长而明显提高,这有利于后续污泥厌氧消化.     

根肿(Plasmodiophora brassicae)休眠孢子的纯化和超声波破碎方法研究

根肿(Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)是严重危害十字花科植物的世界性病害.采用蔗糖密度梯度离心和超声波处理方法从油菜染病根部组织分离和提纯根肿休眠孢子.众多因素可以影响提纯休眠孢子的纯度,为了得到更高纯度和均匀度的休眠孢子的优化方法,我们对一系列影响因素如超声波破碎功率、pH、孢子破碎浓度、处理时间和不同的水溶物质等进行了研究.在pH值5.5左右、添加0.5%的二甲基亚砜、孢子浓度约为7×108、345W功率下超声波处理10min条件下获得了最优数量和均匀度的孢子,杂菌数量减少了51%以上,杂菌种类减少超过75%.超声波处理50min后,孢子破碎率稳定地达到90%以上,除菌率达99%以上.用此方法能在较短时间内获得高纯度和高均匀度的休眠孢子,为休眠孢子的深入研究提供了资料.图4表3参10     

Metapopulation dynamics of a perennial plant, Succisa pratensis, in an agricultural landscape

Most metapopulation models neglect the local dynamics, and systems characterized by slow population turnover, time lags and non-equilibrium, are only rarely examined within a metapopulation context. In this study we used a realistic, spatially explicit, dynamic metapopulation model of a long-lived grassland plant, Succisa pratensis, to examine the relative importance of local population dynamics, and short and long-distance dispersal of seeds.     

Integration of Flow and Chemical Sensing for Guidance of Autonomous Marine Robots in Turbulent Flows

We explored the utility of odor-gated rheotaxis (OGR) with a biomimetic robot. OGR is a widely accepted biological plume-tracing strategy that uses mean flow and chemical detection for guidance. In experiments which contrasted the `classic' single-sensor formulation of the strategy against one which used two sensors and against another which combined the use of two sensors and memory of past stimulation patterns we quantified the relative advantages of each. The use of two, spatially separated, chemical sensors confers a significant advantage and still greater performance is obtained with rudimentary memory. The performance of the American lobster under the same turbulent dispersal regime leads us to conclude that significantly more effective plume tracing strategies remain to be discovered.     

超声波降解苯胺溶液的实验研究

以苯胺溶液为研究对象，考察了超声时间、苯胺溶液浓度、pH值、氧化剂H2O2的浓度等因素对其超声降解率的影响。实验结果表明：超声时间越长，苯胺降解率越大；苯胺初始浓度与其降解率基本成线性关系；随着pH值的增大，降解率先增大后减少，在pH＝7．3附近降解率最高；对于32.23mg/L的苯胺溶液，H2O2的浓度由0增加到1.6mg/mL，降解率从6．02％增加到93％，再增大H2O2的浓度，对其降解率影响不大。     

超声波参数对剩余污泥中SCFAs和EHCs释放的影响

考察了不同超声处理参数下剩余污泥中短链脂肪酸SCFAs和易水解组分EHCs的释放特性。结果表明:超声波作用下SCFAs的最大释放量为197.0 mg/L,超声时间对SCFAs释放影响显著;在超声时间为100 min内,声能密度小于0.6 W/mL时,EHCs释放随超声时间和声能密度的增加而提高;在相同能耗下,长超声时间、低声能密度的超声处理条件更有利于获得较高的EHCs,超声时间对EHCs释放的贡献度高于声能密度;释放的EHCs以糖类为主,经短时间水解酸化可生成较高浓度的SCFAs。     

Responses of Seed‐Dispersing Birds to Amount of Rainforest in the Landscape around Fragments

Habitat loss and fragmentation alter the composition of bird assemblages in rainforest. Because birds are major seed dispersers in rainforests, fragmentation‐induced changes to frugivorous bird assemblages are also likely to alter the ecological processes of seed dispersal and forest regeneration, but the specific nature of these changes is poorly understood. We assessed the influence of fragment size and landscape forest cover on the abundance, species composition, and functional properties of the avian seed disperser community in an extensively cleared, former rainforest landscape of subtropical Australia. Bird surveys of fixed time and area in 25 rainforest fragments (1–139 ha in size across a 1800 km² region) provided bird assemblage data which were coupled with prior knowledge of bird species’ particular roles in seed dispersal to give measurements of seven different attributes of the seed disperser assemblage. We used multimodel regression to assess how patch size and surrounding forest cover (within 200 m, 1000 m, and 5000 m radii) influenced variation in the abundance of individual bird species and of functional groups based on bird species’ responses to fragmentation and their roles in seed dispersal. Surrounding forest cover, specifically rainforest cover, generally had a greater effect on frugivorous bird assemblages than fragment size. Amount of rainforest cover within 200 m of fragments was the main factor positively associated with abundances of frugivorous birds that are both fragmentation sensitive and important seed dispersers. Our results suggest a high proportion of local rainforest cover is required for the persistence of seed‐dispersing birds and the maintenance of seed dispersal processes. Thus, even small rainforest fragments can function as important parts of habitat networks for seed‐dispersing birds, whether or not they are physically connected by vegetation. Respuestas de Aves Dispersoras de Semillas al Incremento de Selvas en el Paisaje Alrededor de Fragmentos     

Butterfly community shifts over two centuries

Environmental changes strongly impact the distribution of species and subsequently the composition of species assemblages. Although most community ecology studies represent temporal snap shots, long‐term observations are rather rare. However, only such time series allow the identification of species composition shifts over several decades or even centuries. We analyzed changes in the species composition of a southeastern German butterfly and burnet moth community over nearly 2 centuries (1840–2013). We classified all species observed over this period according to their ecological tolerance, thereby assessing their degree of habitat specialisation. This classification was based on traits of the butterfly and burnet moth species and on their larval host plants. We collected data on temperature and precipitation for our study area over the same period. The number of species declined substantially from 1840 (117 species) to 2013 (71 species). The proportion of habitat specialists decreased, and most of these are currently endangered. In contrast, the proportion of habitat generalists increased. Species with restricted dispersal behavior and species in need of areas poor in soil nutrients had severe losses. Furthermore, our data indicated a decrease in species composition similarity between different decades over time. These data on species composition changes and the general trends of modifications may reflect effects from climate change and atmospheric nitrogen loads, as indicated by the ecological characteristics of host plant species and local changes in habitat configuration with increasing fragmentation. Our observation of major declines over time of currently threatened and protected species shows the importance of efficient conservation strategies.