Dispersal ecology of deadwood organisms and connectivity conservation

Limited knowledge of dispersal for most organisms hampers effective connectivity conservation in fragmented landscapes. In forest ecosystems, deadwood‐dependent organisms (i.e., saproxylics) are negatively affected by forest management and degradation globally. We reviewed empirically established dispersal ecology of saproxylic insects and fungi. We focused on direct studies (e.g., mark‐recapture, radiotelemetry), field experiments, and population genetic analyses. We found 2 somewhat opposite results. Based on direct methods and experiments, dispersal is limited to within a few kilometers, whereas genetic studies showed little genetic structure over tens of kilometers, which indicates long‐distance dispersal. The extent of direct dispersal studies and field experiments was small and thus these studies could not have detected long‐distance dispersal. Particularly for fungi, more studies at management‐relevant scales (1–10 km) are needed. Genetic researchers used outdated markers, investigated few loci, and faced the inherent difficulties of inferring dispersal from genetic population structure. Although there were systematic and species‐specific differences in dispersal ability (fungi are better dispersers than insects), it seems that for both groups colonization and establishment, not dispersal per se, are limiting their occurrence at management‐relevant scales. Because most studies were on forest landscapes in Europe, particularly the boreal region, more data are needed from nonforested landscapes in which fragmentation effects are likely to be more pronounced. Given the potential for long‐distance dispersal and the logical necessity of habitat area being a more fundamental landscape attribute than the spatial arrangement of habitat patches (i.e., connectivity sensu strict), retaining high‐quality deadwood habitat is more important for saproxylic insects and fungi than explicit connectivity conservation in many cases.     

OSA剩余污泥超声波处理试验研究

分别采用不同超声功率、超声时间及脉冲比的超声波处理OSA工艺产生的剩余污泥,研究超声作用对细胞内容物的释放、酶活和污泥粒径的影响。研究结果表明,声能密度越大、超声处理时间越长,污泥被破坏程度越大,释放出的有机物浓度也就越高;较低的声能密度在短时间内可以促进微生物脱氢酶活性。从总体上看超声作用会降低微生物的脱氢酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性;超声处理在较短时间内即可实现对污泥絮状结构的解体,此后污泥颗粒的粒径分布保持相对稳定状态。     

普通锐钛型TiO2催化超声降解十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)的研究

十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)是一种具有代表性的阴离子表面活性剂,由于大量的使用而成为环境污染的主要污染源之一.采用锐钛型TiO₂作催化剂,使用低功率超声波降解水中的SDBS.同时也考察了SDBS溶液的初始质量浓度,TiO₂催化剂的加入量,溶液初始pH,反应温度,超声波的频率和功率等因素对降解率的影响.在SDBS水溶液初始质量浓度为50.00 mg/L,锐钛型TiO₂催化剂用量为1 000 mg/L,超声频率40 kHz,超声功率50 W,温度40℃,pH为3.00的条件下,通过导数分光光度法测定发现SDBS在300 min内几乎全部降解.反应动力学研究显示,SDBS超声降解为一级反应.      

Circuit-theory applications to connectivity science and conservation

Conservation practitioners have long recognized ecological connectivity as a global priority for preserving biodiversity and ecosystem function. In the early years of conservation science, ecologists extended principles of island biogeography to assess connectivity based on source patch proximity and other metrics derived from binary maps of habitat. From 2006 to 2008, the late Brad McRae introduced circuit theory as an alternative approach to model gene flow and the dispersal or movement routes of organisms. He posited concepts and metrics from electrical circuit theory as a robust way to quantify movement across multiple possible paths in a landscape, not just a single least-cost path or corridor. Circuit theory offers many theoretical, conceptual, and practical linkages to conservation science. We reviewed 459 recent studies citing circuit theory or the open-source software Circuitscape. We focused on applications of circuit theory to the science and practice of connectivity conservation, including topics in landscape and population genetics, movement and dispersal paths of organisms, anthropogenic barriers to connectivity, fire behavior, water flow, and ecosystem services. Circuit theory is likely to have an effect on conservation science and practitioners through improved insights into landscape dynamics, animal movement, and habitat-use studies and through the development of new software tools for data analysis and visualization. The influence of circuit theory on conservation comes from the theoretical basis and elegance of the approach and the powerful collaborations and active user community that have emerged. Circuit theory provides a springboard for ecological understanding and will remain an important conservation tool for researchers and practitioners around the globe.     

应用电声换能超声波雾化方法提高超细颗粒捕集效率

针对大气环境污染控制中超细颗粒难以捕集的问题,提出了一种高效、经济的新方法.其核心思想是将经电声换能超声波雾化得到的相对湿度过饱和雾气喷入含尘气体中,在“云”物理学、碰撞团聚等原理共同作用下,饱和水蒸汽在颗粒表面凝结,使超细颗粒的粒径增大,增加其捕集效率.为了证明这种方法的有效性,建立了小型电声换能超声波雾化捕尘实验台并在旋风除尘器中进行实验研究.实验结果表明,随着雾气浓度的增加,总除尘效率与超细颗粒的分级效率均有明显提高,并且旋风除尘器的压降(能耗)明显降低.     

管座焊缝内侧的相控阵超声自动检测

本文介绍应用相控阵技术结合配有编码动作的机械装置,对插入式管座焊缝从接管内侧用线阵探头进行超声检测的方法。建立实验模型,可为声柬全覆盖所必须考虑的物理参数,提供验证数据。建模和实测结果表明：利用声线跟踪法,扫查布置图（Scanplan）能提供所需覆盖范围的适当显示。当从接管内表面进行扫查时,用于引导探头扫查动作的机械装置往往可设计得减少复杂性。本文所述方法可望为承压设备结构较复杂的管座焊缝,实施超声相控阵检测（PAUT）符合ASME最新版要求提供有用借鉴。     

构造煤超声波参数影响因素的分析

一定厚度构造煤的存在是瓦斯突出发生的必要条件;同时,构造煤发育区域也往往是瓦斯富集区。因此,研究构造煤的物性参数具有重要意义。采用灰色关联度和多元回归分析相结合的方法对构造煤的超声波实验测试参数的影响因素进行半定量研究。研究结果表明:影响构造煤纵波波速和品质因子的主要因素是煤体的孔隙率、水分、灰分和挥发分。纵波波速和品质因子随着孔隙率和挥发分的增加而增加,随着水分和灰分的增加而减少,视密度和最大镜质组反射率对两者影响较小。最后,从微观角度定性分析了孔隙率、水分和灰分三个主要影响因素对构造煤超声波参数的影响机理,为超声波探测构造煤技术提供了一定的理论支持。     

荧光光谱法快速检测土壤中荧光烃类污染物

探讨了正己烷、石油醚及二氯甲烷∶正己烷(1∶2,体积比)混和液三种溶剂浸泡或超声波萃取与荧光光谱相结合测定土壤中荧光烃类污染物的方法,并为了验证方法有效性,对典型煤矿区93个土壤样品中的荧光烃类进行了快速检测。结果表明,采用二氯甲烷∶正己烷(1∶2,体积比)混和液超声波萃取土壤中荧光烃类,耗时短,萃取能力较强。对于具有大量土壤样品的研究区域,超声波萃取与荧光光谱法相结合可大大缩短土壤样品中总荧光烃类污染物的检测时间,进而可快速获知某一研究区内土壤环境中荧光烃类污染物的空间分异规律及相对污染程度,具有一定的应用价值。     

紫外光-超声波协同降解苯酚水溶液的研究

有机酚类化合物造成的水体的污染,直接危害着人类的健康和生态环境,如何有效地处理环境水样中有机酚类化合物,是当今人们普遍关注的一个问题。以苯酚水溶液为研究对象,在紫外光和功率为150 W、40 kHz超声波的协同作用下,对苯酚的降解效率和降解规律进行了初步的研究,讨论了溶液的酸度、光辐射的时间、H2O2及Fe2 (FeSO4)等因素对苯酚溶液降解的影响,结果表明,单一超声波对苯酚的降解率很低,不超过6.5%。在紫外光一超声波协同辐射60 min,溶液的pH值为3-4,加入6%H2O2 4 mL,加入0.1 nmol·L-1Fe2 (FeSO4)1.6 mL,可达到91.8%的降解率。试验证明,利用紫外光-超声波协同照射是降解苯酚的一种有效方法。