超声波诱导降解甲胺磷

报道了用超声波诱导降解模拟水中低浓度甲胺磷农药的可行性试验.试验中探讨了声强、辐射时间、温度、初始pH和外加亚铁盐或H2O2等对降解效果的影响.试验结果表明,在甲胺磷浓度为1.0×10-4mol/L、起始pH2.5、温度30℃、Fe2+＞50mg/L、充O2至饱和的条件下,用低频超声波(80W/cm2)连续辐照120min,甲胺磷去除率达到99.3%.     

声-化联合法清洗含油钻屑

将超声波与pH敏感型表面活性剂(P(MMA-MAA-CS))联合使用,利用声-化联合法清洗含油钻屑。研究了不同因素对清洗效果的影响,并利用界面张力和三相接触角实验探讨了清洗机理。实验获得的最佳清洗条件为:固液质量比1∶5,P(MMA-MAA-CS)加入量0.5%(w),NaOH加入量2%(w),超声时间20 min,超声功率200 W。在此条件下清洗2次后,钻屑含油量可降低至0.82%,达到GB18599—2001《一般工业固体废物存、处置场污染控制标准》的要求。     

超声萃取气相色谱法测定植物样中邻苯二甲酸酯

建立了二氯甲烷超声萃取、氧化铝柱层析分离、带电子捕获毛细管气相色谱测定植物样品中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的方法.方法具有较好的精密度(RSD≤10%)、较低的检测限(MDLDBP=0.4ng·g-1,MDLDEHP=0.5ng·g-1)和较高的回收率(RDBP=87.3%,RDEHP=92.1%).用该法测定了太湖沉水植物中的PAEs含量,其中DBP在0.009-0.013μg·g-1,DEHP在0.026-0.106μg·g-1.     

区域土壤中氯苯类化合物测定及分布研究

以区域内16个土壤样品为研究对象,采用超声波萃取法对样品中的氯苯类污染物进行提取,并用气相色谱仪分类和测定,以保留时间定性,外标法定量。结果表明,利用超声波提取土壤中氯苯类是可行的,并能够进行分类检出;预处理中提取的最佳、合理的溶剂为正己烷;实验还得出了11种氯苯类化合物在18min内全部流出的最佳色谱条件。检测数据显示区域土壤内主要氯苯类污染物为二氯苯、四氯苯和六氯苯。     

氧化剂在超声波法降解有机废水中的应用研究

超声波法是近年来逐步发展起来的一项水处理技术,它操作简单方便,无二次污染,但是单纯超声处理废水的降解效率并不十分理想,且能量消耗较大,在超声处理过程中加入适当的氧化剂,则可以大大提高超声降解的效果,并且降低能耗。文章分别研究了双氧水、Fenton试剂等氧化剂在超声波处理中的应用及其作用机理,对其发展进行了展望。     

沉淀—超声波气浮—接触氧化法处理退浆废水

以诸暨漂染厂废水处理工程为实例介绍了混凝沉淀─—超声波气浮─—接触氧化法处理高浓度退浆废水处理系统。该废水处理系统经2年多运行表明：CODcr的去除率达94．0％,出水水质达到了国家排放标准。该处理工艺设备简单,效果可靠,具有推广使用价值。     

Dispersal, pair formation and social structure in gibbons (Hylobates lar)

We report observations on reproduction, natal dispersal, pair formation, and group structure based on longitudinal observations of several white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) groups spanning 18 years. Our observations are at odds with the traditional view that gibbons live in nuclear family groups consisting of a pair of adults and their offspring, and that parents exclude young from the family territory when they reach adult size. In the relatively dense Khao Yai study population, dispersing young usually obtain mates by replacing adults in existing territories, which creates non-nuclear families. Six subadults, five males and one female, matured and dispersed at an average age of 10 years, or about 2 years after reaching adult size. Average natal dispersal distance was 710 m, or between one and two territories away. At least two dispersing males replaced adults in neighboring groups. In one case, forcible displacement of the resident male resulted in a group which included a young juvenile presumably fathered by the previous male, two younger juveniles (probably brothers) from the new male's original group, and (later) offspring of the new pair. Social relations within this heterogeneous group remained harmonious: the adults groomed all the young and play occurred between all preadult members. In only two out of a total of seven cases of dispersal seen did two subadults pair and disperse into new territorial space. Nonreproducing subadults which delay dispersal may be tolerated by the adults provided that they contribute benefits to the adults or their offspring. Possible benefits include behaviors such as grooming, social play with juveniles, and support of the adult male in defending the territory. Delayed dispersal is probably advantageous in a saturated environment where there is no room for floaters, but subadults may also gain indirect fitness benefits by aiding siblings and other relatives. Received: 24 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 12 January 1998     

城市污泥厌氧消化产沼气资源化研究

系统地综述了我国城市污泥处置与利用的现状和趋势,并重点讨论了污泥厌氧消化产沼气的可行性,介绍了提高消化速度的先进技术以及生物法沼气脱硫技术.认为污泥厌氧消化产沼气的资源化利用是符合我国国情的,并将成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径.     

氨浸出含锌烟尘制取活性氧化锌

采用氨浸出法处理含锌烟尘,浸出液在微波-超声波联合作用下蒸氨得碱式碳酸锌沉淀,再经煅烧制得活性氧化锌.实验结果表明:在总氨浓度为9.0 mol/L、浸出温度为40 ℃、浸出液初始pH为 11.0～11.5、搅拌转速为400 r/min、浸出剂体积与含锌烟尘质量比为4、浸出时间为60 min的浸出条件下,锌的浸出率为83.3%.浸出液经过两段净化除杂后,在超声波功率50 W、微波辐射(微波功率随温度的设定而自动变化)的联合作用下,使溶液体系恒温90 ℃,进行蒸氨,沉淀得到前驱体碱式碳酸锌,经煅烧,得到平均直径为0.4 μm、晶型为六方晶系、片状的活性氧化锌.     

超声波协同催化氧化法脱除废旧轮胎热裂解油中的硫

采用超声波氧化与催化氧化脱硫技术相结合,脱除废旧轮胎热裂解油中的硫,对脱硫工艺进行了研究.最佳操作条件为:超声波声强0.25 W/cm~2,超声时间10 min,V(H_2O_2)∶V(油)=0.04,V(CH_3COOH)∶V(H_2O_2)＝0.5,V(FeSO_4·7H_2O) ∶ V(H_2O_2)＝0.15.在上述最佳操作条件下,进行4次脱硫,可使热裂解油中硫质量分数降至0.21%,脱硫率达到72%.