煤中铁元素赋存状态的超声逐级化学提取研究

为了探讨铁元素在煤中的赋存状态,根据煤灰中三氧化二铁含量的不同选择了7个煤样,用硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸湿法消解-原子吸收分光光度计法测定了这7个煤样中的铁含量.采用超声波辅助逐级化学提取方法,研究了这7个煤样中铁元素的赋存状态,超声波独特的空化作用促进了提取试剂与煤粒子的接触,强化了溶解过程,使提取实验耗时大大缩短.逐级化学提取实验所得铁的分量和与湿法消解测定铁的结果接近,说明逐级化学提取实验设计合理;煤中的铁元素以碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、硫化物结合态、铝硅酸盐结合态、有机结合态这5种形式存在,其中碳酸盐结合态是5种存在形式中最少的,其质量分数不超过3.1%,硫化物结合态在40%以上,最多达到81.5%,是最主要的赋存状态.     

超声降解水中的磺胺嘧啶

以磺胺嘧啶(SD)为研究对象,探讨了超声功率、初始浓度、pH值以及超声协同H2O2、Fenton、TiO2等组合工艺对超声降解SD效率的影响。实验结果表明,超声可有效降解水中低浓度的SD,尤其在酸性条件下,超声降解更为显著,降解过程遵循准二级反应动力学模型。加入H2O2或TiO2可在一定程度上促进SD的超声降解,加入Fenton试剂则显著提升SD的去除率。依据量化计算以及LC-MS测定结果,探讨了SD的超声降解机理。超声降解水中SD主要是基于.OH自由基的氧化过程。     

双频超声/臭氧联用处理硝基苯类制药废水研究

采用臭氧单独氧化、单频超声协同臭氧、双频超声协同臭氧氧化处理硝基苯类制药废水,考察了废水初始pH值、臭氧通入量、超声波频率及功率等因素对处理效果的影响。优化出双频超声协同臭氧处理硝基苯制药废水的最佳处理条件,经处理后的水质能达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的一级排放标准.     

超声处理后剩余污泥性质变化及分析

主要研究超声处理后剩余污泥性质的变化,探讨了污泥上清液中SCOD、BOD、TN、TP以及污泥耗氧速率OUR等随超声时间和声能密度的变化,尤其是对进一步的污泥处理处置的影响进行分析。研究表明,超声处理后的污泥结合到污水处理工艺中可以实现污泥隐性生长而达到污泥减量的目的;或者为污泥进一步处理处置提供了有利条件。     

荧光光谱法快速检测土壤中荧光烃类污染物

探讨了正己烷、石油醚及二氯甲烷∶正己烷(1∶2,体积比)混和液三种溶剂浸泡或超声波萃取与荧光光谱相结合测定土壤中荧光烃类污染物的方法,并为了验证方法有效性,对典型煤矿区93个土壤样品中的荧光烃类进行了快速检测。结果表明,采用二氯甲烷∶正己烷(1∶2,体积比)混和液超声波萃取土壤中荧光烃类,耗时短,萃取能力较强。对于具有大量土壤样品的研究区域,超声波萃取与荧光光谱法相结合可大大缩短土壤样品中总荧光烃类污染物的检测时间,进而可快速获知某一研究区内土壤环境中荧光烃类污染物的空间分异规律及相对污染程度,具有一定的应用价值。     

紫外光-超声波协同降解苯酚水溶液的研究

有机酚类化合物造成的水体的污染,直接危害着人类的健康和生态环境,如何有效地处理环境水样中有机酚类化合物,是当今人们普遍关注的一个问题。以苯酚水溶液为研究对象,在紫外光和功率为150 W、40 kHz超声波的协同作用下,对苯酚的降解效率和降解规律进行了初步的研究,讨论了溶液的酸度、光辐射的时间、H2O2及Fe2 (FeSO4)等因素对苯酚溶液降解的影响,结果表明,单一超声波对苯酚的降解率很低,不超过6.5%。在紫外光一超声波协同辐射60 min,溶液的pH值为3-4,加入6%H2O2 4 mL,加入0.1 nmol·L-1Fe2 (FeSO4)1.6 mL,可达到91.8%的降解率。试验证明,利用紫外光-超声波协同照射是降解苯酚的一种有效方法。     

超声波诱导降解甲胺磷的研究

本文报道了功率超声诱导化学降解低浓度甲胺磷农药模拟废水的新方法.考察了声强、辐射时间、介质温度、初始pH值、外加Fe2+或H2O2等因素对其超声化学降解的影响.试验结果表明,甲胺磷水溶液的初始浓度为1.0×10-4mol.l-1, pH0为2.5,介质温度30℃,Fe2+加入量为50mg.l-1,溶液中充入氧气饱和,经80W.cm-2功率超声辐射2h,其CODCr平均去除率达99.3%,甲胺磷的平均降解率为99.6%.     

Effects of howler monkey reintroduction on ecological interactions and processes

Rewilding has been an increasingly popular tool to restore plant–animal interactions and ecological processes impaired by defaunation. However, the reestablishment of such processes has seldom been assessed. We investigated the restoration of ecological interactions following the reintroduction of the brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba) to a defaunated Atlantic forest site. We expected the reintroduction to restore plant–animal interactions and interactions between howlers and dung beetles, which promote secondary seed dispersal. We estimated the number of interactions expected to be restored by the reintroduction to provide the baseline interaction richness that could be restored. We followed the reintroduced howler monkeys twice a week for 24 months (337 hours total) to assess their diet. We used howler monkey dung in secondary seed dispersal experiments with 2484 seed mimics to estimate the removal rates by dung beetles and collected the beetles to assess community attributes. We compared the potential future contribution of howler monkeys and other frugivores to seed dispersal based on the seed sizes they disperse in other areas where they occur. In 2 years, howler monkeys consumed 60 animal-dispersed plant species out of the 330 estimated. Twenty-one dung beetle species were attracted to experimentally provided dung; most of them were tunnelers, nocturnal, and large-sized (>10 mm). On average 30% (range 0–100%) of the large seed mimics (14 mm) were moved by dung beetles. About 91% of the species consumed by howlers (size range 0.3–34.3 mm) overlapped in seed size with those removed by dung beetles. In our study area, howler monkeys may consume more large-seeded fruit species than most other frugivores, highlighting their potential to affect forest regeneration. Our results show reintroductions may effectively restore ecological links and enhance ecological processes.     

Ecological consequences of forest elephant declines for Afrotropical forests

Poaching is rapidly extirpating African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) from most of their historical range, leaving vast areas of elephant‐free tropical forest. Elephants are ecological engineers that create and maintain forest habitat; thus, their loss will have large consequences for the composition and structure of Afrotropical forests. Through a comprehensive literature review, we evaluated the roles of forest elephants in seed dispersal, nutrient recycling, and herbivory and physical damage to predict the cascading ecological effects of their population declines. Loss of seed dispersal by elephants will favor tree species dispersed abiotically and by smaller dispersal agents, and tree species composition will depend on the downstream effects of changes in elephant nutrient cycling and browsing. Loss of trampling and herbivory of seedlings and saplings will result in high tree density with release from browsing pressures. Diminished seed dispersal by elephants and high stem density are likely to reduce the recruitment of large trees and thus increase homogeneity of forest structure and decrease carbon stocks. The loss of ecological services by forest elephants likely means Central African forests will be more like Neotropical forests, from which megafauna were extirpated thousands of years ago. Without intervention, as much as 96% of Central African forests will have modified species composition and structure as elephants are compressed into remaining protected areas. Stopping elephant poaching is an urgent first step to mitigating these effects, but long‐term conservation will require land‐use planning that incorporates elephant habitat into forested landscapes that are being rapidly transformed by industrial agriculture and logging.     

Evaluating multispecies landscape connectivity in a threatened tropical mammal community

Habitat corridors are important tools for maintaining connectivity in increasingly fragmented landscapes, but generally they have been considered in single‐species approaches. Corridors intended to facilitate the movement of multiple species could increase persistence of entire communities, but at the likely cost of being less efficient for any given species than a corridor intended specifically for that species. There have been few tests of the trade‐offs between single‐ and multispecies corridor approaches. We assessed single‐species and multispecies habitat corridors for 5 threatened mammal species in tropical forests of Borneo. We generated maps of the cost of movement across the landscape for each species based on the species’ local abundance as estimated through hierarchical modeling of camera‐trap data with biophysical and anthropogenic covariates. Elevation influenced local abundance of banded civets (Hemigalus derbyanus) and sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). Increased road density was associated with lower local abundance of Sunda clouded leopards (Neofelis diardi) and higher local abundance of sambar deer (Rusa unicolor). Pig‐tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) local abundance was lower in recently logged areas. An all‐species‐combined connectivity scenario with least‐cost paths and 1 km buffers generated total movement costs that were 27% and 23% higher for banded civets and clouded leopards, respectively, than the connectivity scenarios for those species individually. A carnivore multispecies connectivity scenario, however, increased movement cost by 2% for banded civets and clouded leopards. Likewise, an herbivore multispecies scenario provided more effective connectivity than the all‐species‐combined scenario for sambar and macaques. We suggest that multispecies habitat connectivity plans be tailored to groups of ecologically similar, disturbance‐sensitive species to maximize their effectiveness. Evaluación de la Conectividad de Terrenos Multiespecie en una Comunidad Tropical de Mamíferos