A systematic survey of the integration of animal behavior into conservation

The role of behavioral ecology in improving wildlife conservation and management has been the subject of much recent debate. We sought to answer 2 foundational questions about the current use of behavioral knowledge in conservation: To what extent is behavioral knowledge used in wildlife conservation and management, and how does the use of animal behavior differ among conservation fields in both frequency and types of use? We searched the literature for intersections between key fields of animal behavior and conservation and created a systematic heat map (i.e., graphical representation of data where values are represented as colors) to visualize relative efforts. Some behaviors, such as dispersal and foraging, were commonly considered (mean [SE] of 1147.38 [353.11] and 439.44 [108.85] papers per cell, respectively). In contrast, other behaviors, such as learning, social, and antipredatory behaviors were rarely considered (mean [SE] of 33.88 [7.62], 44.81 [10.65], and 22.69 [6.37] papers per cell, respectively). In many cases, awareness of the importance of behavior did not translate into applicable management tools. Our results challenge previous suggestions that there is little association between the fields of behavioral ecology and conservation and reveals tremendous variation in the use of different behaviors in conservation. We recommend that researchers focus on examining underutilized intersections of behavior and conservation themes for which preliminary work shows a potential for improving conservation and management, translating behavioral theory into applicable and testable predictions, and creating systematic reviews to summarize the behavioral evidence within the behavior‐conservation intersections for which many studies exist.     

超声波提取-气相色谱氢火焰测定土壤中六溴环十二烷

HBCD（六溴环十二烷,hexabromocyclododecane）是一种常用的溴代阻燃剂,其对环境和生物体造成的影响已被定性为持久性有机污染物.为了建立超声波提取、气相色谱检测土壤中w（HBCD）的方法,分别对超声波提取HBCD条件及气相色谱检测HBCD参数进行优化,并对超声波提取法与索氏提取法进行了比较.结果表明:①最佳超声波提取土壤中HBCD条件为以体积比为1:1的正己烷:丙酮溶液为提取溶剂,60℃水浴振荡,超声波提取50 min.②气相色谱优化后提取HBCD的最佳分离条件为进样口温度240℃;初始温度90℃,保留1 min;升温程序为90℃时以15℃/min升温至160℃,保留2 min,再以10℃/min升至220℃,保留2 min,最后以5℃/min升至280℃,保留3 min;分流模式为不分流;以氮气为载气;进样量为1 μL;FID检测器温度为300℃.③HBCD在土壤中的平均回收率可达97.1%,相对标准偏差为3.5%,方法精密度高.④与索氏提取方法相比,超声波提取法提取时间短、样品用量少、灵敏度高,并且方法重现性和精密度较好,能更有效地分析土壤中w（HBCD）.研究显示,场地土壤中w（HBCD）平均值为0.757 mg/kg,相对标准偏差为4.22%（小于5%）,超声波提取及气相色谱检测土壤中HBCD的方法准确度高、重现性好,对分析土壤中HBCD更加简便快捷.      

超声波法提取土壤样品中1,2,4—三氯苯和GC测定

本方法采用超声波振荡提取，用１０％的丙酮正乙烷混合溶液作为提取剂，对易挥发的１，２，４－三氯苯的分析具有简单，快速，灵敏，可靠，节省试剂的特点，也适用于土壤环境样品氯苯类化合物的测定。     

VUV/US耦合深度处理印染废水尾水的研究

采用真空紫外(VUV)/高频超声(US)耦合深度处理印染废水尾水,以TOC和UV254为污染物指标,比较了不同功率下VUV、US和VUV/US降解印染废水尾水的效果,以确定VUV/US的最佳功率组合;通过批式实验,探讨了反应时间、反应温度、初始pH值对VUV/US降解印染废水尾水效能的影响规律,解释了VUV/US对TOC和UV254的降解动力学.通过分析降解产物,揭示了VUV/US对印染废水尾水中残余难降解有机物的去除机理.结果表明,VUV/US的最佳功率组合为VUV16W、US100W,VUV/US处理印染废水尾水的效果明显优于单独UV和US的情况,存在着协同增效作用,反应120 min后VUV/US对TOC及UV254的去除率分别达到27.68%和93.03%.反应温度、初值pH值对VUV/US处理效果的影响较小.VUV/US降解TOC和UV254的反应动力学分别符合表观二级动力学模型和表观一级动力学模型.VUV/US过程是VUV直接光解、超声空化气泡内的热裂解和羟基自由基的氧化等协同作用,印染废水尾水中以苯系物为代表的难降解物主要通过羟基自由基的氧化作用去除.     

Method development and application for triazine herbicides analysis in water,soil and sediment samples from KwaZulu-Natal

Penoxsulam is a triazolopyrimidine sulfonamide group of rice herbicide. The phototransformation of penoxsulam was studied under UV light (λ_max ≥ 290 nm) and sunlight in aqueous methanol and acetonitrile solvent system using TiO₂ as sensitizer. The rate of photodegradation of penoxsulam in different solvent systems followed first-order kinetics and calculated half-lives was found to be in the range of 51.89–73.41 h and 62.70–97.09 h for UV light and sunlight respectively in the presence or absence of sensitizer. From this study, a total of six photoproducts were identified and characterized on the basis of Q-Tof micromass spectral data. The plausible mechanism of phototransformation involved were hydrolysis, photo oxidation of the sulfonamide group, breaking of sulfonamide bond, loss of amino and sulfonic acid group.     

Effects of Artificial Roosts for Frugivorous Bats on Seed Dispersal in a Neotropical Forest Pasture Mosaic

Abstract:  In the Neotropics ongoing deforestation is producing open and heavily fragmented landscapes dominated by agriculture, mostly plantations and cattle pastures. After some time agriculture often becomes uneconomical and land is abandoned. Subsequent habitat regeneration may be slow because seed inputs are restricted by a lack of incentives—such as suitable roost sites—for seed dispersers to enter deforested areas. Increasing environmental awareness has fostered growing efforts to promote reforestation. Practical and cost-efficient methods for kick-starting forest regeneration are, however, lacking. We investigated whether artificial bat roosts for frugivorous bat species can attract these key seed dispersers to deforested areas, thereby increasing seed rain. We installed artificial bat roosts in a forest-pasture mosaic in the Costa Rican Atlantic lowlands and monitored bat colonization and seed dispersal. Colonization occurred within a few weeks of installation, and 10 species of bats occupied the artificial roosts. Five species of frugivorous or nectarivorous bats colonized artificial roosts permanently in both primary habitat and in deforested areas, in numbers similar to those found in natural roosts. Seed input around artificial roosts increased significantly. Sixty-nine different seed types, mostly of early-successional plant species, were transported by bats to artificial roosts in disturbed habitats. The installation of artificial bat roosts thus successfully attracted frugivorous bats and increased seed inputs into degraded sites. This method is likely to speed up early-vegetation succession, which in turn will attract additional seed dispersers, such as birds, and provide a microhabitat for seeds of mid- and late-successional plants. As well as supporting natural forest regeneration and bat conservation, this cost-efficient method can also increase environmental awareness among landowners.     

深埋桩的质量检测

着重介绍深埋桩的预埋管超声波法和反射波法的质量检测方法原理效果，从江阴长江大桥桥桩的检测和验证结果分析，两种方法的检测效果显著，准确度高，是当前深埋桩质量检测中最切实可行的方法     

Ultrasonic decomposition of atrazine and alachlor in water.

Abstract

The collapse of ultrasonically‐generated cavitation bubbles can result in sonochemical reactions. The kinetics of sonochemical decomposition of alachlor and atrazine in water were determined using a sonicator operating in the continuous mode at maximum output. Alachlor and atrazine solutions, 3.1 nmol L^‐1, were kept at constant temperature during the sonication. Decomposition at 30°C followed first‐order kinetics: k = 8.01 × 10^‐3 min^‐1 and 2.10 × 10^‐3 min^‐1 for alachlor and atrazine, respectively. It is not clear from the product analysis whether the decomposition was due to a thermal or free radical reaction. However, regardless of the decomposition mechanisms, the extrapolated half‐lives (86 and 330 min for alachlor and atrazine, respectively) support the potential development of ultrasonic waves to decompose herbicides in contaminated water.     

Connecting today's climates to future climate analogs to facilitate movement of species under climate change

Increasing connectivity is an important strategy for facilitating species range shifts and maintaining biodiversity in the face of climate change. To date, however, few researchers have included future climate projections in efforts to prioritize areas for increasing connectivity. We identified key areas likely to facilitate climate‐induced species’ movement across western North America. Using historical climate data sets and future climate projections, we mapped potential species’ movement routes that link current climate conditions to analogous climate conditions in the future (i.e., future climate analogs) with a novel moving‐window analysis based on electrical circuit theory. In addition to tracing shifting climates, the approach accounted for landscape permeability and empirically derived species’ dispersal capabilities. We compared connectivity maps generated with our climate‐change‐informed approach with maps of connectivity based solely on the degree of human modification of the landscape. Including future climate projections in connectivity models substantially shifted and constrained priority areas for movement to a smaller proportion of the landscape than when climate projections were not considered. Potential movement, measured as current flow, decreased in all ecoregions when climate projections were included, particularly when dispersal was limited, which made climate analogs inaccessible. Many areas emerged as important for connectivity only when climate change was modeled in 2 time steps rather than in a single time step. Our results illustrate that movement routes needed to track changing climatic conditions may differ from those that connect present‐day landscapes. Incorporating future climate projections into connectivity modeling is an important step toward facilitating successful species movement and population persistence in a changing climate.