Negative Effects of Habitat Loss on Survival of Migrant Warblers in a Forest Mosaic

Abstract: Habitat loss and fragmentation in forested landscapes often negatively affect animal abundance; however, whether these factors also affect fitness is not well known. We hypothesized that observed decreases in bird occurrence and abundance in landscapes with harvested forests are associated with reduced apparent survival of adults. We defined apparent survival as an estimate of survival that accounts for an imperfect resighting probability, but not permanent emigration (i.e., dispersal). We examined the association between spatially extensive habitat loss and apparent survival of males of 2 Neotropical migrant species, Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica fusca) and Black‐Throated Green Warbler (D. virens), over 7 years in the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, New Brunswick, Canada. We estimated apparent survival among and within breeding seasons. We quantified amount of habitat in the context of individual species. In this landscape, boundaries between land‐cover types are gradual rather than clearly identifiable and abrupt. Estimated apparent within‐season survival of both species decreased as a function of amount of habitat within a 2000‐m radius; survival was approximately 12 times (95% CI 3.43–14) greater in landscapes with 85% habitat than in landscapes with 10% habitat. Apparent annual survival also decreased as a function of amount of habitat within a 100‐m radius. Over the range of habitat amount, apparent annual survival decreased 15% (95% CI 7–29%) as the amount of habitat decreased. Our results suggest that reduced species occurrence in landscapes with low proportions of habitat is due partly to lower apparent survival at these sites. This mechanism operates both directly (i.e., via effects on mortality or dispersal during breeding) and possibly through indirect effects during the nonbreeding season. Habitat loss was associated not only with a lower number of individuals, but also with lower survival of those individuals.     

Effects of Patch Size and Type of Coffee Matrix on Ithomiine Butterfly Diversity and Dispersal in Cloud-Forest Fragments

Abstract: Determining the permeability of different types of landscape matrices to animal movement is essential for conserving populations in fragmented landscapes. We evaluated the effects of habitat patch size and matrix type on diversity, isolation, and dispersal of ithomiine butterflies in forest fragments surrounded by coffee agroecosystems in the Colombian Andes. Because ithomiines prefer a shaded understory, we expected the highest diversity and abundance in large fragments surrounded by shade coffee and the lowest in small fragments surrounded by sun coffee. We also thought shade coffee would favor butterfly dispersal and immigration into forest patches. We marked 9675 butterflies of 39 species in 12 forest patches over a year. Microclimate conditions were more similar to the forest interior in the shade‐coffee matrix than in the sun‐coffee matrix, but patch size and matrix type did not affect species richness and abundance in forest fragments. Furthermore, age structure and temporal recruitment patterns of the butterfly community were similar in all fragments, independent of patch size or matrix type. There were no differences in the numbers of butterflies flying in the matrices at two distances from the forest patch, but their behavior differed. Flight in the sun‐coffee matrix was rapid and directional, whereas butterflies in shade‐coffee matrix flew slowly. Seven out of 130 recaptured butterflies immigrated into patches in the shade‐coffee matrix, and one immigrated into a patch surrounded by sun coffee. Although the shade‐coffee matrix facilitated movement in the landscape, sun‐coffee matrix was not impermeable to butterflies. Ithomiines exhibited behavioral plasticity in habitat use and high mobility. These traits favor their persistence in heterogeneous landscapes, opening opportunities for their conservation. Understanding the dynamics and resource requirements of different organisms in rural landscapes is critical for identifying management options that address both animals’ and farmers’ needs.     

超声波树脂联用法提取活性污泥中的胞外聚合物

考察了超声波树脂联用法提取活性污泥中胞外聚合物的影响因素,确定了最佳提取条件.试验结果表明,树脂量为60 g/g VSS,在摇床振摇强度250 r/min下处理4 h,再进行超声处理2 min,EPS提取量接近理论含量,即污泥干重的15%,与阳离子树脂法相比,EPS提取物中DNA的百分含量较低,即对细胞的破坏程度更小,说明超声波树脂联用法稳定、高效,是一种较佳的提取方法.     

TiO2催化超声降解月桂醇聚氧乙烯(9)醚溶液

表面活性剂随废水、废物的排放进入水体或土壤等环境,会对环境造成严重的污染.因此,有必要在其排放之前采用既安全可靠又有效的方法对其进行处理.本文采用经过600℃高温处理的锐钛矿型TiO2作为催化剂,以超声催化降解月桂醇聚氧乙烯(9)醚(AEO9)反应为模型,研究各种因素对TiO2催化超声降解的影响.结果表明,在TiO2催化剂作用下超声降解AEO9是可行的,且效果明显.在超声波功率为600 W,经600℃活化的TiO2催化剂用量为0.5～0.7g/L,AEO9水溶液初始质量浓度为60 mg/L,初始pH值为4.0的条件下,降解2 h后,AEO9降解率可达99%以上.     

液位控制法在污泥处理工程中的应用

介绍了液位检测仪表,并阐述在污泥处理站中采用超声波液位计和液位调节器实现液位自动控制的方法。     

超声波多普勒隔水管气侵监测系统设计与海上测试

为了研究超声波多普勒隔水管气侵监测测量原理的正确性和海上应用的可行性,开展了室内实验和现场试验。通过室内实验,得到了油基钻井液在不同含气情况下超声波多普勒信号与含气率之间的关系,验证了利用多普勒信号畸变进行气侵识别的有效性和适用性;通过开展陆上井现场试验,确定了隔水管气侵监测系统设计的关键参数,验证了超声波多普勒设备对大壁厚环空内部流动监测的可行性;设计并加工了隔水管气侵监测系统样机。通过在海上钻井过程中的实际应用,测试了监测系统的稳定性,得到了隔水管内部流动状态的监测信号,验证了隔水管气侵监测系统在海上现场应用的可行性。     

含酚废水的超声降解研究进展

超声处理污水技术是一项新兴的颇有发展前途的水处理技术，本文论述了超声降解含酚废水的反应机理，特点和影响因素，并对该技术在处理含酚类废水治理中存在的问题和今后的发展趋势进行了讨论。     

超声雾化性能的试验研究与回归分析

分析了煤矿井下呼吸性粉尘防治技术现状 ,重点介绍了水的超声雾化技术 ,并对其雾化性能进行了试验研究 ,最后应用回归分析建立了超声雾化性能的数学模型     

超声波预处理城市水厂剩余污泥的研究

利用超声波处理剩余污泥,通过离心作用模拟污水厂污泥脱水过程,以离心后含水率表征剩余污泥的脱水性能,最终确定最佳超声条件为:超声时间10 min,超声声能密度0.8 W/m L;另外分别研究了单独超声作用、单独絮凝剂作用以及超声-絮凝联合作用对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,单独超声处理或絮凝调理均可降低剩余污泥离心后含水率,超声波与絮凝剂共同作用能更好地提高剩余污泥的脱水性能,并对剩余污泥脱水性能改善的机理进行了理论分析。     

Patch Size and Connectivity Thresholds for Butterfly Habitat Restoration

Abstract:  Recovery of endangered species in highly fragmented habitats often requires habitat restoration. Selection of restoration sites typically involves too many options and too much uncertainty to reach a decision based on existing reserve design methods. The Fender's blue butterfly (  Icaricia icarioides fenderi ) survives in small, isolated patches of remnant prairie in Oregon's Willamette Valley—a habitat for which <0.5% of the original remains. Recovery of this species will require considerable habitat restoration. We investigated the potential of biologically based rules of thumb and more complex models to serve as tools in making land acquisitions. Based on Fender's blue dispersal behavior and demography, we have estimated that restored patches should be <1 km from existing habitat and at least 2 ha. We compared these rules to the results of two modeling approaches: an incidence function model and a spatially explicit simulation of demography and dispersal behavior. Not surprisingly, the simple rules and complex models all conclude that large (>2 ha) connected (<1 km) patches have the highest restoration value. The dispersal model, however, suggests that small, connected patches have more restoration value than large, isolated patches, whereas the incidence function model suggests that size and connectivity are equally important. These differences stem from model assumptions. We used incidence functions to predict long-term, stochastic, steady-state conditions and dispersal simulations to predict short-term (25-year) colonization dynamics. To apply our results in the context of selecting restoration sites on the ground, we recommend selecting nearby sites when short-term colonization dynamics are expected to be an important aspect of a species' biology.