超声波多普勒隔水管气侵监测系统设计与海上测试

为了研究超声波多普勒隔水管气侵监测测量原理的正确性和海上应用的可行性,开展了室内实验和现场试验。通过室内实验,得到了油基钻井液在不同含气情况下超声波多普勒信号与含气率之间的关系,验证了利用多普勒信号畸变进行气侵识别的有效性和适用性;通过开展陆上井现场试验,确定了隔水管气侵监测系统设计的关键参数,验证了超声波多普勒设备对大壁厚环空内部流动监测的可行性;设计并加工了隔水管气侵监测系统样机。通过在海上钻井过程中的实际应用,测试了监测系统的稳定性,得到了隔水管内部流动状态的监测信号,验证了隔水管气侵监测系统在海上现场应用的可行性。     

Application of ultrasonic to speciation analysis of heavy metals in soil

In order to reduce the operation time and improve the extraction efficiency, ultrasonic energy by means of ultrasonic bath was used to the modified Tessier sequential extraction for speciation analysis of heavy metals in soil. Extractable contents of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy(hAS). The merit of the ultrasonic extraction (UE) applied to the modified Tessier method is not only that the operation time for the first 4 fractions was reduced from ca. 18 h to 8 h, comparing with conventional extraction(CE), but also the extraction efficiency was higher. The results for both of UE and CE were consistent. The extractable Cu, Ni and Zn in the sample No. 1 were mainly associated with the third fraction (Fe-Mn oxides fraction), and fourth fraction (organic matter fraction) in the sample No.2. The extractable Fe and Mn were all mainly associated with the third fraction, and Pb the fourth fraction in both of the samples. The effects of concentration of hydroxylamine chloride on the capability for the extraction of studied metals were also studied.     

A methodological approach to develop “contaminant migration–population effects” models

The main aim of the present work is to discuss the methodological approaches that underpin the “contaminant migration–population effects” models for the evaluation of the detriment to populations of moving organisms in environmental systems with spatial and time dependent pollution levels. A technique to couple the equations controlling the population dynamics and the pollutant dispersion is described and discussed. The domain of application and the limitations of the methodology are analysed and illustrated by some examples. Possible alternative approaches are briefly presented.     

超声波/零价铁协同降解三氯甲烷特性研究

研究三氯甲烷在单独超声(US)、单独零价铁(Fe0)及超声波/零价铁协同体系(US/Fe0)中的降解发现,拟一级动力学能很好地拟合降解过程,协同体系中三氯甲烷一级降解速率常数(K_US/Fe0)为0.010　3 min-1,约为同等条件下零价铁体系所得K_Fe0的3倍,且大于K_Fe0与K_US之和,说明二者之间存在协同效应.考察零价铁投加量〔ρ(Fe0)〕,初始pH,初始三氯甲烷浓度(c₀),超声功率,溶液离子强度等控制参数对三氯甲烷降解速率(K_US/Fe0)的影响,结果表明,其拟一级速率常数分别在ρ(Fe0)为6 g/L,初始pH为6.0,c0为5 mmol/L以及0.5 mol/L　Na₂SO₄当量离子强度下达最大值,并且随着超声功率的增大而增大.      

Phylogeography and Limited Genetic Connectivity in the Endangered Boring Giant Clam across the Coral Triangle

Abstract: The Coral Triangle is the global center of marine biodiversity; however, its coral reefs are critically threatened. Because of the bipartite life history of many marine species with sedentary adults and dispersive pelagic larvae, designing effective marine protected areas requires an understanding of patterns of larval dispersal and connectivity among geographically discrete populations. We used mtDNA sequence data to examine patterns of genetic connectivity in the boring giant clam (Tridacna crocea) in an effort to guide conservation efforts within the Coral Triangle. We collected an approximately 485 base pair fragment of mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) from 414 individuals at 26 sites across Indonesia. Genetic structure was strong between regions (φ_ST=0.549, p < 0.00001) with 3 strongly supported clades: one restricted to western Sumatra, another distributed across central Indonesia, and a third limited to eastern Indonesia and Papua. Even within the single largest clade, small but significant genetic structure was documented (φ_ST=0.069, p < 0.00001), which indicates limited gene flow within and among phylogeographic regions. Significant patterns of isolation by distance indicated an average dispersal distance of only 25–50 km, which is far below dispersal predictions of 406–708 km derived from estimates of passive dispersal over 10 days via surface currents. The strong regional genetic structure we found indicates potent limits to genetic and demographic connectivity for this species throughout the Coral Triangle and provides a regional context for conservation planning. The recovery of 3 distinct evolutionarily significant units within a well‐studied taxonomic group suggests that biodiversity in this region may be significantly underestimated and that Tridacna taxa may be more endangered than currently recognized.     

超声技术降解酸性红B废水

以酸性红Ｂ染料模拟废水为对象,考察了废水浓度、ｐＨ、超声时间、ＮａＣｌ投加量及曝气等因素对其超声降解效率的影响．实验结果表明：酸性红Ｂ降解率与超声时间基本上成线性关系;初始浓度高,降解率大;ｐＨ值增大,降解率减小;当溶液中ＮａＣｌ投加量从０ 增加到１ｇ／Ｌ,降解率从４３％ 增加到近９０％ ;再增加溶液中ＮａＣｌ的浓度,对其降解率影响不大;水浴温度升高,酸性红Ｂ降解率增大;曝气及Ｈ₂Ｏ₂ 投加量对其降解率的影响不大．     

铝碳微电解法降解水中邻苯二甲酸酯

采用铝碳微电解法降解水中邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）。首先考察了初始废水pH、铝碳质量比和反应时间对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）降解率的影响,然后分别考察了超声波频率、其他金属的添加和H₂O₂加入量对铝碳微电解法降解模拟混合PAEs废水中DMP、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）的影响。实验结果表明：在初始DMP质量浓度为20 mg/L、初始废水pH为12.0、铝碳质量比为1∶1、反应时间为30 min的条件下,DMP降解率达49.94%;在上述最佳反应条件下处理DMP,DEP,DBP的质量浓度分别为20,10,8 mg/L的模拟混合PAEs废水,当超声波频率为80 kHz时,模拟混合PAEs废水中DMP,DEP,DBP的降解率分别为63.38%,32.75%,32.23%,当铝铁质量比为100∶1时,DMP,DEP,DBP的降解率分别为59.61%,37.39%,31.50%;添加铜和H₂O₂对PAEs的降解有抑制作用。     

超声波破解对于剩余污泥酶活力的影响

为了研究超声波破解处理对污泥絮体中酶活力的影响,实验利用不同声能密度的超声波对污泥进行破解,并测试酶活力的变化。实验发现,在声能密度为0.48 k W/L和0.96 k W/L下,随着超声破解时间的增长,酶的活力变化总体呈现上升趋势。在声能密度为1.44 k W/L和1.92 k W/L下,酶活力的变化出现先增高后降低的趋势,α-葡萄糖苷酶和蛋白酶活力分别达到最大值69.91 EU/g VS和9.495 EU/g VS。在0.96 k W/L下,超声作用时间15 min时硝酸盐还原酶出现活力最大值5.361 EU/g VS。     

Optimization and characterization of the formation of oil-in-water diazinon nanoemulsions: Modeling and influence of the oil phase,surfactant and sonication

Nanoemulsions are particularly suitable as a platform in the development of delivery systems for lipophilic functional agents. Current research describes the formation of oil-in-water (O/W) diazinon nanoemulsions using synthetic and natural additives by adopting a high-energy (ultrasound) emulsification method. The diazinon nanoemulsions were spontaneously formed by adding dropwise a mixture of diazinon, solvent and co-solvent in an aqueous solution containing a surfactant (tween or lecithin) with continuous stirring. The nanoemulsions were then formed by ultra-sonication. The effects of three levels of active ingredient, solvent, co-solvent, surfactant, sonication time and sonication cycle and power were performed by Minitab software to design the experiment. Effects of these factors on droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity and pH of nanoemulsions were investigated. The results of the modeling showed that the experimental data could be adequately adapted in a second-order polynomial model with a multiple regression coefficient r² of 0.821 for the prediction of particle size, PDI and viscosity. The long-term and thermodynamic stability of the prepared nanoemulsions were tested. The droplet size and morphology of the nanoemulsions were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). On this basis, a water-insoluble insecticide diazinon was incorporated into 26 optimized nanoemulsion systems to demonstrate potential applications in pest control. The results of DLS and TEM measurements showed that most of prepared nanoemulsions had an almost monodisperse droplet size distribution (PDI < 200 nm). Incorporation of diazinon had no significant effect on the size and stability of the nanoemulsions and the formulated nanoemulsion remained stable after four months of storage.     

超声与次氯酸钠耦合预处理剩余污泥的中温厌氧消化效果

以某城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为对象,通过实验研究了超声与次氯酸钠预处理对污泥的溶胞效果,以及对后续厌氧消化的影响。结果表明,超声与次氯酸钠耦合作用最优操作条件为超声声能密度1.0 W/mL,作用时间50 min。在此条件下,次氯酸钠投加量为4.023 mg/g SS时,对污泥厌氧消化改善效果最明显,剩余污泥产气率及甲烷含量较对照组分别提高了69.73%和10%。同时污泥VSS去除率由11.11%提高到21.24%,在一定程度上实现了污泥减量。