超声波浸渍法制备V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2选择性催化还原脱硝催化剂

采用超声波浸渍法、传统浸渍法制备一系列V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂,对催化剂的反应活性进行考察。研究表明:与普通浸渍法相比,超声波浸渍法可以提高催化剂的脱硝效率,拓宽催化反应的温度窗口。超声波浸渍时间和超声波功率对催化剂的反应活性有较大影响。浸渍时间增加,催化剂脱硝效率也随之提高。超声波功率增加,催化剂的脱硝效率先提高后降低。在超声波频率28 kHz,超声波功率400 W,超声作用时间1.5 h,超声水粉比为100 mL H2O/10 g TiO2的条件下,制得的V2O5-WO3/TiO2脱硝催化剂脱硝效率接近100%。通过SEM对制备的催化剂进行表征,超声波浸渍法制备的催化剂的活性成分在载体上分散更加均匀。     

超声灭活水中隐孢子虫影响因素及机制

采用超声灭活隐孢子虫卵囊,超声频率为19.8kHz,功率为151W,温度控制在(20±1)℃, 探讨了浊度、ρ(腐殖酸)及无机离子质量浓度对超声灭活隐孢子虫的影响,并通过扫描电镜观察及动力学分析探究了超声灭活隐孢子虫的机制. 结果表明:在浊度为0~21.46NTU范围内,隐孢子虫的灭活率先升后降,浊度为1.13NTU时灭活率最高,为94.7%;隐孢子虫灭活率随ρ(腐殖酸)的增加而降低,当ρ(腐殖酸)为50.0mg/L时灭活率降至78.4%. Cu2+、Mn2+和SO₄2-对灭活率影响较小,当ρ(Cu2+)为0.5mg/L时,隐孢子虫灭活率(93.2%)比未添加Cu2+时增加了0.7%;ρ(CO₃2-)增加,隐孢子虫灭活率下降,当ρ(CO₃2-)为150mg/L时灭活率降至82.5%. 扫描电镜形态学观察表明,超声可破坏隐孢子虫细胞结构;动力学分析表明,自由基氧化作用对灭活率的贡献为15.6%,说明超声灭活隐孢子虫的主要机制为空化作用产生的机械剪切作用.      

超声技术降解酸性红B废水

以酸性红Ｂ染料模拟废水为对象,考察了废水浓度、ｐＨ、超声时间、ＮａＣｌ投加量及曝气等因素对其超声降解效率的影响．实验结果表明：酸性红Ｂ降解率与超声时间基本上成线性关系;初始浓度高,降解率大;ｐＨ值增大,降解率减小;当溶液中ＮａＣｌ投加量从０ 增加到１ｇ／Ｌ,降解率从４３％ 增加到近９０％ ;再增加溶液中ＮａＣｌ的浓度,对其降解率影响不大;水浴温度升高,酸性红Ｂ降解率增大;曝气及Ｈ₂Ｏ₂ 投加量对其降解率的影响不大．     

Spatial Scale of Autocorrelation of Assemblages of Benthic Invertebrates in Two Upland Rivers in South-Eastern Australia and Its Implications for Biomonitoring and Impact Assessment in Streams

Spatial autocorrelation in ecological systems is a critical issue for monitoring (and a general understanding of ecological dynamics) yet there are very few data available, especially for riverine systems. Here, we report here on assemblage-level autocorrelation in the benthic-invertebrate assemblages of riffles in two adjacent, relatively pristine rivers in south-eastern Victoria, Australia (40-km reaches of the Wellington [surveys in summers of 1996 and 1997] and Wonnangatta Rivers [survey in summer of 1996 only], with 16 sites in each river). We found that analyses were similar if the data were resolved to family or to species level. Spatial autocorrelation was assessed by using Mantel-tests for the data partitioned into different sets of spatial separations of survey sites (e.g. 0–6 km, 6–12 km, etc.). We found strong small-scale (≤6 km) autocorrelation in the Wellington River, which is consistent with known dispersal abilities of many aquatic invertebrates. Surprisingly, there were strong negative correlations at longer distance classes for the Wellington River in one of the two summers (20–40 km) and the Wonnangatta River (12–20 km). That two largely unimpacted, adjacent rivers should have such different autocorrelation patterns suggests that impact assessment cannot assume dependence or independence of sites a priori. We discuss the implications of these results for use of “reference” sites to assess impacts at nominally affected sites.     

超声波降解苯酚溶液的研究

以20mg/L的苯酚为研究对象,在超声波槽中对超声波作用于苯酚的降解效率和降解规律进行了初步研究。实验表明:单一的超声波对苯酚的降解率是很低的,不超过6.3%;而在苯酚溶液中加入H2O2后,降解率提高了大约3倍;酸性条件利于苯酚的降解,而在碱性条件下苯酚几乎没有降解。     

超声波吹脱技术处理高浓度氨氮废水试验研究

采用超声波吹脱技术对高浓度NH3 N废水进行了处理试验。试验结果表明 ,废水采用超声波辐射以后 ,NH3 N的吹脱效果明显增加 ,与传统吹脱技术相比 ,NH3 N的去除率增加了 1 7%—1 64%。经超声吹脱处理后的废水 ,NH3 N完全可以达到国家排放标准     

超声技术强化处理制革废水中的有机物

采用超声波强化混凝沉淀法处理制革废水,考察了超声波的作用时间和施加方式、混凝剂投加量等因素对降低废水中有机物的影响.实验结果表明:只用超声波作用废水60s,COD去除率为40.6%;混凝剂总浓度为100mg/L时COD去除率最高;先施加超声波60s,再投加混凝剂,COD去除率最高可达73.2%,比不用超声波时提高10%以上.因此,超声技术用于混凝沉淀法处理制革废水有明显的强化作用.     

超声波提取在近海沉积物油类测定中的应用

根据紫外分光光度法测定近海沉积物油类实践,探讨了超声波提取技术在近海沉积物油类测定中的应用。试验结果表明,应用超声波提取技术进行近海沉积物油类样品的前处理,时间短(8min),提取效率高(达95％以上),有机溶剂用量小(约25.0mL),操作简便易行,仅需2次提取,工作曲线线性好(r=0．999);对实际样品的分析测试,其相对标准偏差小于2．0％,回收率可达95．0％以上,结果准确可靠;与经典的索氏提取法相比,结果无显著差异。     

Application of ultrasonic to speciation analysis of heavy metals in soil

In order to reduce the operation time and improve the extraction efficiency, ultrasonic energy by means of ultrasonic bath was used to the modified Tessier sequential extraction for speciation analysis of heavy metals in soil. Extractable contents of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy(hAS). The merit of the ultrasonic extraction (UE) applied to the modified Tessier method is not only that the operation time for the first 4 fractions was reduced from ca. 18 h to 8 h, comparing with conventional extraction(CE), but also the extraction efficiency was higher. The results for both of UE and CE were consistent. The extractable Cu, Ni and Zn in the sample No. 1 were mainly associated with the third fraction (Fe-Mn oxides fraction), and fourth fraction (organic matter fraction) in the sample No.2. The extractable Fe and Mn were all mainly associated with the third fraction, and Pb the fourth fraction in both of the samples. The effects of concentration of hydroxylamine chloride on the capability for the extraction of studied metals were also studied.     

超声波-TiO_2光催化联合处理垃圾渗滤液

采用超声波强化TiO2光催化技术处理垃圾渗滤液。研究了TiO2催化剂用量、光照作用、超声波作用、pH值、曝气作用等因素对垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明,在TiO2粉末的投加量为2 g/L、pH值为11时,先采用功率为292.5 W的超声波辐射3 min,再以高压汞灯(250 W)照射3 min,垃圾渗滤液中的COD和NH3-N去除率分别达到50.1%和75%。若在同一条件下进行饱和曝气可以使NH3-N去除率进一步达到85.3%,但会降低COD的去除率。