超声波处理活性污泥细胞破壁脱水研究

利用超声波破碎活性污泥中的细胞壁,使细胞的胞液渗出,达到污泥干化的目的。通过研究利用超声波处理剩余活性污泥的原理,不同条件因素对处理效果的影响,以及处理后活性污泥性质的改变情况。将来,随着科学技术的发展和对超声波技术研究的深入,利用超声波处理活性污泥的方法将日趋成熟。超声波作为一种清洁的手段一定会广泛应用于废水的处理工程中,为经济的持续发展和资源环境的保护服务。     

花状软锰矿的超声合成及其对亚甲基蓝的脱色性能

首次通过操作简便成本低廉的超声方法合成花状软锰矿(MWs).采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及能量散布分析仪(EDS)等测试手段对其结构和形貌进行表征.研究了MWs对偶氮染料亚甲基蓝(MB)的脱色性能,考察pH值、反应时间、MWs投加量以及MB初始浓度等影响因子对脱色效果影响.结果表明,MWs对MB具有优良的脱色性能,90min达到近100%的脱色率,无需使用H2O2或者UV灯和超声等其它辅助设备,这明显优于其他催化剂,如Mn3O4/H2O2需3h达到99.7%最大脱色率、ZnS/CdS在光照下需6h最大脱色率仅为73%、硫改性的TiO2光照下需4h才能达到近100%的脱色率.     

Interpreting beta‐diversity components over time to conserve metacommunities in highly dynamic ecosystems

The concept of metacommunity (i.e., a set of local communities linked by dispersal) has gained great popularity among community ecologists. However, metacommunity research mostly addresses questions on spatial patterns of biodiversity at the regional scale, whereas conservation planning requires quantifying temporal variation in those metacommunities and the contributions that individual (local) sites make to regional dynamics. We propose that recent advances in diversity‐partitioning methods may allow for a better understanding of metacommunity dynamics and the identification of keystone sites. We used time series of the 2 components of beta diversity (richness and replacement) and the contributions of local sites to these components to examine which sites controlled source‐sink dynamics in a highly dynamic model system (an intermittent river). The relative importance of the richness and replacement components of beta diversity fluctuated over time, and sample aggregation led to underestimation of beta diversity by up to 35%. Our literature review revealed that research on intermittent rivers would benefit greatly from examination of beta‐diversity components over time. Adequately appraising spatiotemporal variability in community composition and identifying sites that are pivotal for maintaining biodiversity at the landscape scale are key needs for conservation prioritization and planning. Thus, our framework may be used to guide conservation actions in highly dynamic ecosystems when time‐series data describing biodiversity across sites connected by dispersal are available.     

Functional nonredundancy of elephants in a disturbed tropical forest

Conservation efforts are often motivated by the threat of global extinction. Yet if conservationists had more information suggesting that extirpation of individual species could lead to undesirable ecological effects, they might more frequently attempt to protect or restore such species across their ranges even if they were not globally endangered. Scientists have seldom measured or quantitatively predicted the functional consequences of species loss, even for large, extinction‐prone species that theory suggests should be functionally unique. We measured the contribution of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to the dispersal of 3 large‐fruited species in a disturbed tropical moist forest and predicted the extent to which alternative dispersers could compensate for elephants in their absence. We created an empirical probability model with data on frugivory and seed dispersal from Buxa Tiger Reserve, India. These data were used to estimate the proportion of seeds consumed by elephants and other frugivores that survive handling and density‐dependent processes (Janzen‐Connell effects and conspecific intradung competition) and germinate. Without compensation, the number of seeds dispersed and surviving density‐dependent effects decreased 26% (Artocarpus chaplasha), 42% (Careya arborea), and 72% (Dillenia indica) when elephants were absent from the ecosystem. Compensatory fruit removal by other animals substantially ameliorated these losses. For instance, reductions in successful dispersal of D. indica were as low as 23% when gaur (Bos gaurus) persisted, but median dispersal distance still declined from 30% (C. arborea) to 90% (A. chaplasha) without elephants. Our results support the theory that the largest animal species in an ecosystem have nonredundant ecological functionality and that their extirpation is likely to lead to the deterioration of ecosystem processes such as seed dispersal. This effect is likely accentuated by the overall defaunation of many tropical systems.     

超声-生物沥浸-氧化钙联合超高压压滤系统实现市政污泥深度脱水及其泥饼的毒性评估

本研究采用超声-生物沥浸-氧化钙调理联合超高压压滤系统对市政污泥进行深度脱水试验,探讨了其调理过程对污泥脱水效率的影响,并对调理后的脱水污泥的重金属含量及植物毒性进行评估.结果表明,经超声-生物沥浸-氧化钙调理后,比阻(SRF)去除率和结合水去除率分别达到90.12%和72.21%.经预调理联合超高压压滤系统处理后,泥饼含水率降低至49.94%,泥饼中Cr、Cu、Cd、 Zn、As和Pb的去除率分别为42.41%、36.50%、30.92%、27.97%、25.94%、22.11%,白菜发芽指数大于80%.通过分析污泥理化性质及滤液有机物含量,阐明该联合技术的作用机理.首先,超声预处理后,污泥结构被破坏,造成污泥粒径d_0.5减小、zeta电位上升,污泥中多糖和蛋白质被释放,从而改善脱水性能,促进污泥中重金属释放,植物毒性降低;经超声-生物沥浸调理后,污泥粒径d_0.5进一步减小、zeta电位趋近于中性,滤液中酪氨酸/色氨酸类氨基酸类有机物和酪氨酸/色氨酸类蛋白有机物被降解且疏水性的腐殖酸和富里酸类有机物含量升高,污泥脱水性能进一步提高,泥饼重金...     

金沙江底栖真核微生物地理分布特征及生态学机制

真核微生物在生物地球化学循环、维持生态系统健康稳定等方面发挥重要作用.目前关于大型河流真核微生物的地理分布模式和生态学机制仍知之甚少.以我国西南梯级水电开发河流金沙江为研究区域,探讨了底栖真核微生物的地理分布特征及影响因素,解析了真核微生物的种间相互作用关系.结果表明,金沙江底栖真核微生物的α多样性指数沿河流向下表现出先上升后下降的趋势;群落结构和优势属的相对丰度在上游自然河段和梯级大坝河段差异显著.距离衰减分析的结果显示,金沙江底栖真核微生物的群落构建受环境筛选和扩散限制的共同作用;方差分解分析和中性模型的结果进一步表明,其地理分布模式主要受到扩散限制的驱动.共现网络结果表明,相比于上游自然河段,梯级大坝河段的种间竞争关系和网络联通性较弱,说明了底栖真核微生物在上游自然河段的相互作用更强.研究结果补充了我国西南河流底栖真核微生物多样性和地理分布的资料不足,为梯级水电开发河流底栖真核微生物的生态响应提供数据支撑.     

污泥超声处理研究的进展

阐述了污泥的超声脱水及降解机理，强调了絮凝剂对污泥脱水的重要作用，重点介绍了超声技术在污泥脱水中的研究现状及影响因素包括：频率、声强、功率、反应器的设计与换能器类型、污泥自身因素等进行分析，最后提出了发展方向。     

污水厂超声污泥厌氧消化性能的对比研究

利用超声技术分别对武汉市龙王嘴和汤逊湖两污水处理厂的浓缩污泥进行破解处理.采用半连续流中温厌氧消化实验,研究超声预处理对不同污水处理厂剩余污泥厌氧消化性能的影响.结果表明,与传统污泥消化工艺相比,超声预处理能明显提高污泥厌氧消化的日产气量和消化效率,使污泥产气更加稳定.并且相对于传统消化污泥,超声消化污泥的沉降性更好,...     

超声震荡提取技术的应用

超声波辅助萃取是近年来在样品预处理中受到广泛关注的新技术,与其它萃取方法如索氏萃取、微波辅助萃取和超临界流体萃取比较,它在很多方面都显示出极大的优越性,但其应用目前还较少。文章介绍了超声波辅助萃取技术的原理、特点、应用及其进展,并展望了超声波技术在环境保护领域的应用前景。     

超声辐射协同草酸-HEDTA浸提污泥中重金属

利用超声波辐射协同草酸-羟乙基替乙二胺三乙酸(HEDTA)浸提城市污泥中重金属Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni,研究了超声辐射时间、功率密度、搅拌作用对Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni浸出的影响,并利用Tessier连续浸提法分析了超声波协同草酸-HEDTA浸提对污泥中重金属形态的影响.结果表明,随着超声时间、功率密度的增加和污泥搅动,污泥中Cu、Cr和Ni的浸提率呈上升趋势, Zn的浸提率无明显提高.污泥在超声辐射浸提处理后,Cu、Cr、Ni的有机物结合态和残渣态含量下降,金属离子可交换态和碳酸盐结合态含量有所增加,Zn的形态无明显变化.