城市街口规划设计与城市空气环境的关系

 城市大气环境同时涉及到大气科学和城市规划理论.本文从建筑与生态环境协调的角度出发,通过对典型实测数据的分析,考虑建筑物与风的相互作用特点,论述了街口形式对街道污染物扩散效果的影响,并对街口的生态设计原则提出了建议.     

浙东沿海上白垩统小雄组的建立

浙东临海、三门东部的小雄盆地，发育一套中酸偏碱性的火山岩。长期以来，将其称为塘上组。详细的地质调查研究表明；这套火山岩与以天台盆地为代表的塘上组，在火山岩岩石组合、层序、古生物化石组合和同位素年龄等均不相同。火山岩是超覆于永康群馆头组、朝川组和小平田组之上，成岩时代在８５—９８Ｍａ，产晚白垩世翼龙和鸟类化石，是晚白世的喷发一沉积产物。为一独立的具有自身特色的岩石地层单位，故建立新的岩石地层单位一小雄组。     

定性物理模拟FM上下V拔长圆柱体

采用定性物理模拟的方法对FM上下V锻造法锻件心部的应力状态进行了实验分析,得出了当上砧宽比W/D_0=0.34时,锻件心部处于三向压应力的结果。实验结果与定量物理模拟相吻合。     

Chemical and isotopic investigation of groundwater in Tahta region,Sohag-Egypt

Chemical and isotopic investigations indicate that the recharge source for the groundwater in the Tahta district, adjacent to the Nile, is mainly from the Nile water seeping from irrigation channels. The water's chemical type is sodium bicarbonate, with values of oxygen-18 and deuterium close to that of Nile water. Another minor source of recharge to the far west of the Nile bank is palaeowater. This water's chemical type is sodium sulphate and sodium chloride. The change of water quality in some groundwater samples could be due to the extensive use of fertilizers to improve soil characteristics in new reclamation projects. In addition, these wells are slightly depleted in oxygen-18, deuterium and tritium. Recommendations for the periodic monitoring of groundwater quality for proper use are given.     

基于COMSOL的采空区埋管抽采参数优化数值研究

针对回采工作面上隅角瓦斯浓度超限问题,提出了回采工作面采空区埋管抽采的方法。以保德煤矿81307工作面为研究对象,运用数值模拟软件COMSOL模拟采空区无抽采和不同抽采参数条件下工作面内瓦斯分布规律,研究埋管抽采参数对上隅角瓦斯浓度的影响规律,确定最佳的采空区埋管抽采参数。同时进行现场抽采参数优化试验,对瓦斯浓度进行监测,研究结果表明:合适的布置间距、抽采负压和抽采流量能够有效解决上隅角瓦斯超限问题,试验期间内,上隅角瓦斯体积分数最大为0.74%,进风流中瓦斯体积分数最大为0.2%,工作面风流中瓦斯体积分数最大为0.45%,回风流中瓦斯体积分数最大为0.5%,均没有超过安全标准。     

THE APPLICABILITY OF MORTON'S AND PENMAN'S EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATES IN RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING1

ABSTRACT: Estimates of the upper constraint on actual evapotranspiration are required as input data in the majority of rainfall-runoff models. This paper compares and discusses the applicability of Penman's potential evapotranspiration estimates and Morton's wet environment evapotranspiration estimates in rainfall-runoff modeling applications. Morton's wet environment evapotranspiration depends only on the atmospheric variables and is the estimate of evapotranspiration that would occur when water supply is not limiting. It is a conceptually more correct representation of the upper constraint on actual evapotranspiration compared to Penman's potential evapotranspiration which is dependent on the water supply to the soil-plant surfaces. Although Penman's potential evapotranspiration and Morton's wet environment evapotranspiration are two different quantities, comparison of the two estimates using data from different climatic regions throughout Australia indicate that they provide similar magnitudes of the upper limit of actual evapotranspiration at moderate climatic conditions when reliable estimates are required in rainfall-runoff models. The two estimates can therefore be used interchangeably in rainfall-runoff modeling applications.     

岷江上游林线附近岷江冷杉种群(Abies faxoniana Rehd.et Wild)的生态学特点

在松潘县弓杠岭采用样方调查的方法针对岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)种群结构、幼苗更新及个体生长及与海拔变化的关系进行了研究,样地分别位于林线下方、林线及树线区,个体年龄采用WinDENRO系统或侧生轮枝计数的方法确定,结果发现：(1)岷江冷杉种群更新与样地海拔高度、干扰强度有关,(2)岷江冷杉的个体生长过程可分为生长期、成熟期、过熟期3个阶段,但随着海拔的升高,这3个时期生长速度的差异变得不明显,(3)3个样地内岷江冷杉种群随海拔升高,其平均高度呈现由高到低,胸径由大到小,个体数量由多到少的变化趋势,(4)岷江冷杉种群大中型立木中出现由于病腐导致空心树的比例随海拔升高有增加趋势,图4表1参28     

Similarity theory and parameterization of mixing in the upper ocean

Boundary layers with small thermal and mechanical inertia are close to steady-state conditions. This underlies the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and explains why the surface values of the fluxes can be chosen as external parameters. For fluids with large thermal inertia, such as the ocean, the thermal time scale is relatively large, and the density flux is a complex function of depth; thus, the external thermal forcing is no longer a governing parameter. However, the mechanical inertia of the upper ocean is about three orders of magnitude smaller than the thermal inertia. Consequently, the upper ocean can be considered as steady-state in the dynamic sense, to any dynamic property depends primarily on the depth, the surface momentum flux, and the vertical density structure. This property allows us to suggest an alternative formulation of the similarity theory for the stratified boundary layers through specification of a new stratification parameter which characterizes the internal density structure instead of the external density flux. The turbulent mixing coefficient is derived as dependent on the stratification parameter. The latter includes the surface stress and the integral density deficit for the entire layer above. The general form and the asymptotic behavior of the nondimensional turbulent mixing coefficient as a function of the stratification parameter are obtained using dimensional considerations. Determination of numerical parameters is based on 8 years of temperature profiles acquired at the Ocean Weather Ship (OWS) PAPA. Finally, a method for calculating the profile of the turbulent mixing coefficient is obtained. This approach reproduces the 8-year evolution of the upper ocean with the maximum rms difference of approximately 1C and the bias of 1C over the depth range 0–150 m. Additional 1-year simulation of the upper ocean at OWS CHARLEY and 9-year simulation at OWS NOVEMBER confirms reasonable applicability of this approach. The proposed simple turbulent mixing scheme reproduces the evolution of the upper ocean with accuracies similar to those obtained using much more complicated models.     

坐姿时上肢作业姿势舒适性评价

针对人体呈现坐姿状态时前侧方作业区域的不同,利用人体测量数据在空间划分网格,实现了上肢作业姿势的参数化定义。并设计实验,由12位健康的男被试参加,利用自由模量幅度估计法对定义过的384种作业姿势的舒适性进行了评价和分级。对依据不同被试个数计算出的结果进行比较分析,并与快速上肢评价方法的评价结果进行比对,揭示了结果的可靠性。评价结果可以为操纵装置的工效设计以及作业空间布局提供重要参考,同时为国内的姿势舒适性评价工作提供了可靠的依据。     

Reproducing or dispersing? Using trait based habitat templet models to analyse Orthoptera response to flooding and land use

Habitat templet theory predicts that habitat provides the templet on which evolution shapes species’ multiple traits and thus their characteristic life-history strategies. By analysing entire trait communities (multiple species and traits) in this framework we can enhance our understanding of how species composition changes as environmental constraints vary across the landscape. Here, we study multiple traits of floodplain Orthoptera communities under the influence of two different sources of disturbance, land use and seasonal flooding.The application of two recently developed statistical techniques - qualitative RLQ analysis and subsequent fourth-corner permutation tests - revealed two different life history strategies in Orthoptera as a response to ecological disturbances, resulting from land use management and seasonal flooding. Orthoptera species seem to have developed two complementary strategies: (i) the high active dispersal-low reproduction strategy in intensive land use situations and (ii) the high passive dispersal-high reproduction strategy in areas with high flood disturbance. Disturbance gradients act as trait filters allowing only particular trait combinations i.e. species with particular preadaptations to survive, whereas others go regionally extinct. Reproduction and dispersal capacity seem to be inversely associated with the disturbance gradients. Ovariole number, taken as the measure for reproduction, showed significant phylogenetic signal, which could potentially confound this relationship. Nonetheless, RLQ analyses coupled with fourth-corner permutation tests proved a powerful tool to reveal and disentangle different evolutionary strategies.