1985-2005年中国城市水源地突发污染事件不完全统计分析

对1985-2005年中国城市水源地突发污染事件进行了统计分析,以从总体上揭示这些事件的发生规律及其对城市水源地和供水安全的危害.采用文献检索方法,通过对1985-2005年<中国环境报>、<人民日报>、新华网等报刊和网络的检索,从发生日期、地点、污染物种类、事件简况4个方面统计中国城市水源地突发污染事件,经整理和筛选后共列出102起.这些突发污染事件的分析结果表明:1)中国城市水源地突发污染事件总体上呈数量逐年增多,危害增大的趋势;2)化学品和污水是主要污染物;3)河道交通事故和工厂泄漏事故是主要风险源;4)突发污染事件一般都造成了比较严重的经济社会影响,但缺乏相应的应急管理机制和应急部门;5)3个典型突发污染事件造成重大经济社会损失并引发社会高度关注,凸现了构建中国城市水源地突发污染事件应急机制的重要性和迫切性.     

南充市城市生态系统健康评价

城市生态系统是一个综合性、复杂性的大系统,涉及到城市自然环境、社会经济、人群健康状况、资源状况、环境状况和城市基础设施等各个方面,健康的城市生态系统是人类所向往的目标.从生态系统健康的内涵出发,依据城市生态系统的特殊性,建立了城市生态系统健康评价指标体系;运用AHP法确定了城市生态系统健康评价各指标要素之间的权重;采用模糊数学法的原理建立城市生态系统健康评价模型.将该模型方法应用于南充市城市生态系统健康评价,通过评价得出:南充城市生态系统健康状况为"亚健康"状态,其隶属度为0.329.     

Natural and anthropogenic metal inputs to soils in urban Uppsala, Sweden

Urban soils are complex systems due to human activities that disturb the natural development of the soil horizons and add hazardous elements. Remediation projects are common in urban areas and guideline values are set to represent a desired level of elements. However, the natural content of trace elements may not always equal the desired levels. In this study, an attempt is made to distinguish between metals that are present in the soil due to natural origins and to anthropogenic origins. Seventy-five soil samples of the 0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm layers were collected from 25 sites in urban areas of Uppsala City and analysed for aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), tungsten (W) and zinc (Zn) using aqua regia for digestion. In order to highlight elements of geological origin, the results were compared to a similar study carried out in Gothenburg City, which has about three times as many inhabitants as Uppsala and has a more industrial history. A cluster analysis was also performed to distinguish between elements of natural and anthropogenic origin. Contents of As, Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn and W in Uppsala were concluded to be of mainly geological origin, while contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg seemed to have been impacted upon by mainly urban activities.     

Mercury accumulation in soils and plants in the Almadén mining district, Spain: one of the most contaminated sites on Earth

Although mercury (Hg) mining in the Almadén district ceased in May 2002, the consequences of 2000 years of mining in the district has resulted in the dissemination of Hg into the surrounding environment where it poses an evident risk to biota and human health. This risk needs to be properly evaluated. The uptake of Hg has been found to be plant-specific. To establish the different manners in which plants absorb Hg, we carried out a survey of Hg levels in the soils and plants in the most representative habitats of this Mediterranean area and found that the Hg concentrations varied greatly and were dependent on the sample being tested (0.13–2,695 μg g⁻¹ Hg). For example, the root samples had concentrations ranging from 0.06 (Oenanthe crocata, Rumex induratus) to 1095 (Polypogon monspeliensis) μg g⁻¹ Hg, while in the leaf samples, the range was from 0.16 (Cyperus longus) to 1278 (Polypogon monspeliensis) μg g⁻¹ Hg. There are four well-differentiated patterns of Hg uptake: (1) the rate of uptake is constant, independent of Hg concentration in the soil (e.g., Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus rotundifolia); (2) after an initial linear relationship between uptake and soil concentration, no further increase in Hg_plant is observed (e.g., Asparagus acutifolius, Cistus ladanifer); (3) no increase in uptake is recorded until a threshold is surpassed, and thereafter a linear relationship between Hg_plant and Hg_soil is established (e.g., Rumex bucephalophorus, Cistus crispus); (4) there is no relationship between Hg_plant and Hg_soil (e.g., Oenanthe crocata and Cistus monspeliensis). Overall, the Hg concentrations found in plants from the Almadén district clearly reflect the importance of contamination processes throughout the study region.     

上海都市旅游业与现代服务业互动机制研究

以现代服务业与都市旅游业的相关性做为切入点,以上海为例,结合都市旅游的产品体系,分析了都市旅游业对现代服务业的动力作用,运用迈克尔.波特的“钻石体系”理论和相关产业族群理论,分析了现代服务业对都市旅游业的支援作用,提出了旅游业与现代服务业从产业融合到空间融合作用机理,然后从建立现代服务业集聚区、培育现代服务集团、培养复合型服务人才、加快现代服务业的支持政策等方面提出发挥旅游业与现代服务业互动作用的具体措施与思路。     

城市区域生态系统服务功能--以深圳市为例

了解城市中自然生态系统的状态与作用,是进行城市科学管理的基本前提。以深圳市为例,分析城市自然生态系统的主要服务功能,并探讨其对城市居民生活质量的重要性,重点回答关于城市自然生态系统及其服务功能的3个问题:(1)各项生态系统服务功能有助于解决城市的什么问题?(2)哪些生态系统、如何参与这些生态服务?(3)通过深圳市的实例对生态系统服务进行初步量化和评价。     

中国省域城市生态适宜度综合评价

依据城市生态系统原理,从生产位、生活位、环境位3方面构建了综合衡量城市生态适宜度的指标体系和数学方法,以各个省区地级以上城市作为分析样本,通过对评价区的各领域以及生态适宜度水平综合评价,结果表明:中国省域城市生态适宜度具有的明显区域性差异,城市生态适宜度大致呈现:东部高、中西部低,南方高、北方低的格局,既与区域自然生态条件有关,也同地方社会经济发展、城市建设与管理水平相关。     

区域生态监测的概念、方法与应用

区域生态监测是对生态系统类型、结构与功能及各要素的现状与变化进行测定与观察,并对生态系统受胁迫与胁迫效应进行判断和评价的过程。区域生态监测结果将在评价现状和预测发展趋势的基础上,为区域生态保护、生态建设提供决策依据。辨析了区域生态监测的概念,对区域生态监测方法选择及指标体系的建立提出了建议,并就其在生态环境管理中的应用作了探讨和展望。     

都市农业生态系统中污水资源化利用

文章介绍了都市农业生态系统中的污水处理工艺和资源化利用方案,并对回用过程中的水质状况进行了连续监测与分析,结果表明,主要污染物CODCr、BOD5、浊度、TN的去除率均达到90%以上。再生水完全可以满足系统内农业灌溉的要求,每年可减少50%的地下水开采量,且提供了良好的景观资源。蟹岛生态度假村以生活污水处理为中心的水资源循环利用方式,为污水资源化利用工程作了有益的尝试并取得了良好的效果。     

城市土壤污染研究现状与趋势

城市土壤是城市生态环境系统的有机组成部分,对城市的可持续发展有着重要的意义.城市化和工业化进程的加快,造成城市土壤污染、侵蚀、酸化和硬化以及土壤生物和植被退化等一系列较为严重的城市环境问题,直接危及到城市居民的健康和安全;因此,城市土壤污染问题已经引起人们的高度重视.近10多年来,国内外有关城市土壤重金属污染,微有机物污染,生源要素污染和城市土壤污染的环境与健康风险评价等诸多研究取得了一系列的研究成果.本文主要就以上研究成果进行了较为系统地总结与阐述,并且在此基础上提出了今后有关城市土壤污染研究的发展重点与趋势,以期为改善城市生态环境质量提供重要的科学依据.