南充市城市生态系统健康评价

城市生态系统是一个综合性、复杂性的大系统,涉及到城市自然环境、社会经济、人群健康状况、资源状况、环境状况和城市基础设施等各个方面,健康的城市生态系统是人类所向往的目标.从生态系统健康的内涵出发,依据城市生态系统的特殊性,建立了城市生态系统健康评价指标体系;运用AHP法确定了城市生态系统健康评价各指标要素之间的权重;采用模糊数学法的原理建立城市生态系统健康评价模型.将该模型方法应用于南充市城市生态系统健康评价,通过评价得出:南充城市生态系统健康状况为"亚健康"状态,其隶属度为0.329.     

Natural and anthropogenic metal inputs to soils in urban Uppsala, Sweden

Urban soils are complex systems due to human activities that disturb the natural development of the soil horizons and add hazardous elements. Remediation projects are common in urban areas and guideline values are set to represent a desired level of elements. However, the natural content of trace elements may not always equal the desired levels. In this study, an attempt is made to distinguish between metals that are present in the soil due to natural origins and to anthropogenic origins. Seventy-five soil samples of the 0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm layers were collected from 25 sites in urban areas of Uppsala City and analysed for aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), tungsten (W) and zinc (Zn) using aqua regia for digestion. In order to highlight elements of geological origin, the results were compared to a similar study carried out in Gothenburg City, which has about three times as many inhabitants as Uppsala and has a more industrial history. A cluster analysis was also performed to distinguish between elements of natural and anthropogenic origin. Contents of As, Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn and W in Uppsala were concluded to be of mainly geological origin, while contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg seemed to have been impacted upon by mainly urban activities.     

上海都市旅游业与现代服务业互动机制研究

以现代服务业与都市旅游业的相关性做为切入点,以上海为例,结合都市旅游的产品体系,分析了都市旅游业对现代服务业的动力作用,运用迈克尔.波特的“钻石体系”理论和相关产业族群理论,分析了现代服务业对都市旅游业的支援作用,提出了旅游业与现代服务业从产业融合到空间融合作用机理,然后从建立现代服务业集聚区、培育现代服务集团、培养复合型服务人才、加快现代服务业的支持政策等方面提出发挥旅游业与现代服务业互动作用的具体措施与思路。     

城市区域生态系统服务功能--以深圳市为例

了解城市中自然生态系统的状态与作用,是进行城市科学管理的基本前提。以深圳市为例,分析城市自然生态系统的主要服务功能,并探讨其对城市居民生活质量的重要性,重点回答关于城市自然生态系统及其服务功能的3个问题:(1)各项生态系统服务功能有助于解决城市的什么问题?(2)哪些生态系统、如何参与这些生态服务?(3)通过深圳市的实例对生态系统服务进行初步量化和评价。     

中国省域城市生态适宜度综合评价

依据城市生态系统原理,从生产位、生活位、环境位3方面构建了综合衡量城市生态适宜度的指标体系和数学方法,以各个省区地级以上城市作为分析样本,通过对评价区的各领域以及生态适宜度水平综合评价,结果表明:中国省域城市生态适宜度具有的明显区域性差异,城市生态适宜度大致呈现:东部高、中西部低,南方高、北方低的格局,既与区域自然生态条件有关,也同地方社会经济发展、城市建设与管理水平相关。     

都市农业生态系统中污水资源化利用

文章介绍了都市农业生态系统中的污水处理工艺和资源化利用方案,并对回用过程中的水质状况进行了连续监测与分析,结果表明,主要污染物CODCr、BOD5、浊度、TN的去除率均达到90%以上。再生水完全可以满足系统内农业灌溉的要求,每年可减少50%的地下水开采量,且提供了良好的景观资源。蟹岛生态度假村以生活污水处理为中心的水资源循环利用方式,为污水资源化利用工程作了有益的尝试并取得了良好的效果。     

城市土壤污染研究现状与趋势

城市土壤是城市生态环境系统的有机组成部分,对城市的可持续发展有着重要的意义.城市化和工业化进程的加快,造成城市土壤污染、侵蚀、酸化和硬化以及土壤生物和植被退化等一系列较为严重的城市环境问题,直接危及到城市居民的健康和安全;因此,城市土壤污染问题已经引起人们的高度重视.近10多年来,国内外有关城市土壤重金属污染,微有机物污染,生源要素污染和城市土壤污染的环境与健康风险评价等诸多研究取得了一系列的研究成果.本文主要就以上研究成果进行了较为系统地总结与阐述,并且在此基础上提出了今后有关城市土壤污染研究的发展重点与趋势,以期为改善城市生态环境质量提供重要的科学依据.     

基于事故深度调查的城市交通事故特征分析

为探索适合我国的事故数据深度采集标准,并分析城市道路交通事故特征及致因,基于《道路交通事故深度调查信息采集表》(简称采集表),调查人员随交警赴事故现场随机详细调查87起城市道路交通事故。借鉴"Haddon Matrix"思想建立致因分析矩阵系统,分析事故的致因。发现采集表对事故地点、事故形态及原因项分类更加具体、明确,女性驾驶员的事故发生率略低于男性驾驶员,驾驶员年龄超过60岁后,发生事故的危险性显著提高,"交叉口影响区"事故50%由变更车道引起,非机动车驾驶员未戴安全头盔是造成严重伤害的重要原因。     

基于案例推理的城市典型灾害应急处置专家系统构建研究

全球自然灾害频发、强度不断增强,且城市化进程飞速发展,其所带来的相关城市灾害风险与日俱增.在重视灾害预报、预警的同时,城市灾害应急处置工作的有效组织与开展,亦是至关重要.把人工智能和城市灾害学知识相结合,通过构建灾害应急处置专家系统来解决该问题是目前的一个研究方向.本文运用案例推理等人工智能领域知识进行相关问题研究,阐述了如何对典型城市灾害案例进行知识化存储处理,给出了典型城市灾害分类推理规则和应急救援案例匹配计算方法.最后,利用VC++和CLIPS相结合,构建了基于案例决策的城市灾害应急处置专家系统.通过研究,充分验证了该模型方法的可行性,对于提高城市应急处置能力具有很好的现实意义.     

Ambivalence towards discourse of disaster resilience

This paper investigates empirically how the international aid community (IAC)—donors and practitioners—considers and implements disaster resilience in a specific country setting, Nepal, and throughout the rest of the world. A key finding is that there is ambivalence about a concept that has become a discourse. On a global level, the IAC utilises the discourse of resilience in a cautiously positive manner as a bridging concept. On a national level, it is being used to influence the Government of Nepal, as well as serving as an operational tool of donors. The mythical resilient urban community is fashioned in the IAC's imaginary; understanding how people create communities and what type of linkages with government urban residents desire to develop their resilience strategies is missing, though, from the discussion. Disaster resilience can be viewed as another grand plan to enhance the lives of people. Yet, regrettably, an explicit focus on individuals and their communities is lost in the process.