Effects of climate and exurban development on nest predation and predator presence in the southern Appalachian Mountains (USA)

In the eastern United States, land-use and climate change have likely contributed to declines in the abundance of Neotropical migrant birds that occupy forest interiors, but the mechanisms are not well understood. We conducted a nest-predation experiment in southern Appalachian Mountain forests (North Carolina, U.S.A.) during the 2009 and 2010 breeding seasons to determine the effects of exurban development and temperature on predator presence and the average number of days until eggs in an artificial nest were disturbed by predators. We baited artificial nests with quail (Excalfactoria chinensi) eggs and monitored them for 18 days. We used clay eggs, track plates, and motion-triggered cameras to detect and identify nest predators. The average number of days a nest was undisturbed decreased as mean temperature increased and, to a lesser extent, as the density of buildings increased. Nests on the ground were more often depredated than those in trees, likely due to increased predation by opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and other carnivores. Raccoons (Procyon lotor), opossums, corvids (Corvus brachyrhynchos and Cyanocitta cristata), chipmunks (Tamias striatus), black bears (Ursus americanus), and domestic cats (Felis catus) were the most commonly detected predators. Presence of these predators did not vary as a function of mean temperature. Domestic cats and corvids were detected more frequently in plots with high rather than low densities of buildings. Forest-interior specialists and Neotropical migrants often nest in cool, high-elevation areas with low housing density. These bird species, especially those that nest on the ground, may be most vulnerable to increased nest predation if temperature and exurban development increase at higher elevations as anticipated.     

长江中游地区洪涝灾害的土地利用思考

长江中游地区是我国长江产业带的腹地和承东启西的重要地区。进入20世纪90年代以来,长江中游地区的洪水屡屡成灾,经济损失越来越大。尽管洪涝灾害的发生与气象、地貌等自然条件密不可分,但人类不合理的土地开发利用对洪涝灾害的影响不容忽视。通过定性与定量相结合的方法分析了洪水位、河流湖泊的调蓄能力、洪涝灾害的经济损失等与土地开发利用的关系,论述了长江中游地区土地利用,特别是围湖造田、围垦江洲、分蓄洪区的开发等,与洪涝灾害的关系,指出长江中游地区不合理的土地利用所引起的河湖调蓄能力的下降是加剧中游地区洪涝灾害的重要因素。据此提出了中游地区减轻洪涝灾害的土地利用对策,如编制易灾区土地利用总体规划、实施“退田还湖、移民建镇”战略、发展“避洪农业”、建设分蓄洪区、提高土地利用率等。最后,分析了实施这些措施的可能性及实施过程中有待进一步解决的问题。     

武夷山市土地利用结构信息熵动态研究

应用Shannon等人提出的Shannon熵理论,研究武夷山市土地利用结构信息熵的动态演变规律及其成因.结果表明,该市土地利用结构信息熵值较全国水平低,具有时间上的动态性,在研究年限内呈单调递增趋势,土地利用系统向无序方向发展; 林地、交通用地、居民点及工矿用地、水利设施用地面积的高低是影响该市土地利用结构信息熵值大小的决定性因素; 整体上看,武夷山市耕地、林地和未利用地面积所占比重呈递减趋势,园地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地的面积的比例呈递增趋势.     

炭黑尾气用于精煤干燥新技术的探讨与应用

论述了炭黑尾气的组成、成分分析,国内外利用技术发展状况,利用技术工艺,以及根据工程实例,提出了炭黑尾气用于精煤干燥机燃烧炉燃料的利用新技术,给我国炭黑生产企业尾气利用提供了有益的借鉴,也丰富了我国炭黑尾气的利用技术范畴。     

A multi-scale approach to modelling spatial and dynamic ecological patterns for reservoir's water quality management

With growing levels of urbanization and agriculture throughout the world, it is increasingly important that both research and management efforts take into account the effects of this widespread landscape alteration and its consequences for natural systems. Freshwater ecosystems, namely reservoirs, are particularly sensitive to land use changes. In this context, modelling can be very useful, for decision support, as an investigative tool to forecast the outcome of various scenarios, to guide current management in order to meet future targets and to develop integrated frameworks for management accordingly to the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The present paper examined the applicability of a holistic Stochastic-Dynamic Methodology (StDM), coupled with a Cellular Automata (CA) model, in capturing how expected changes at land use level will alter the ecological status of lentic ecosystems, namely at physicochemical and biological levels. The methodology was applied to Portuguese reservoirs located in the Douro's basin and illustrated with a series of stochastic-dynamic and spatial outputs taking into account expected scenarios regarding land use changes. Overall, the simulation results are encouraging since they seem to demonstrate the tool reliability in capturing the stochastic environmental dynamics of the selected metrics facing spatial explicit scenarios. The ultimate goal was to couple monitoring assessment and the described modelling techniques to ease management and decision making regarding the practical implementation of the WFD, both at the scale of the reservoir body and at the scale of the respective river watershed dynamics.     

A Realistic Assessment of the Indicator Potential of Butterflies and Other Charismatic Taxonomic Groups

Abstract:  Charismatic groups of animals and plants often are proposed as sentinels of environmental status and trends. Nevertheless, many claims that a certain taxonomic group can provide more-general information on environmental quality are not evaluated critically. To address several of the many definitions of indicator species, we used butterflies to explore in some detail the attributes that affect implementation of indicators generically. There probably are few individual species, or sets of species, that can serve as scientifically valid, cost-effective measures of the status or trend of an environmental phenomenon that is difficult to measure directly. Nevertheless, there are species with distributions, abundances, or demographic characteristics that are responsive to known environmental changes. In this context, single or multiple species can serve as indicators when targets are defined explicitly, ecological relationships between the target and the putative indicators are well understood, and data are sufficient to differentiate between deterministic and stochastic responses. Although these situations exist, they are less common than might be apparent from an extensive and often confounded literature on indicators. Instead, the public appeal of charismatic groups may be driving much of their acclaim as indicators. The same taxon may not be appropriate for marketing a general conservation mission and for drawing strong inference about specific environmental changes. To provide insights into the progress of conservation efforts, it is essential to identify scientific and practical criteria for selection and application of indicators and then to examine whether a given taxonomic group meets those criteria .     

土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）与土壤重金属积累的关系研究进展（Research Review of the Relationship between Land Use/Cover Change and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soil）

土壤重金属污染是世界性环境问题之一.土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)是最主要的环境演变驱动因子之一.为明晰LUCC对土壤重金属积累和污染的影响,根据前人研究,从场地、县域和流域/区域尺度总结了LUCC和土壤重金属污染的关系.研究发现,三个尺度上土地利用方式和覆被类型/格局是控制土壤重金属空间积累和分布的重要因子,土地利用/覆被可以直接吸纳或吸附重金属,亦能通过改变土壤物理、化学和生物性质从而控制重金属在土壤中的移动性和活性,造成土壤中重金属的积累直至污染.此外,论文阐明了LUCC在土壤重金属污染风险预测、规避和污染土壤修复中的重要作用,最后提出了在实践中通过调整土地利用/覆被类型进行污染土壤修复的建议.寓景观生态学思想于土壤重金属污染防治过程是一种新的有效途径.     

长江三角洲河网地区典型城镇街尘中多环芳烃的污染特征

街尘是一种重要的环境介质,其携带的污染物在城镇化过程中对河网地区的水环境构成了一定的威胁.为初步探讨长江三角洲河网地区典型街尘中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征,以杭嘉湖平原河网地区饮用水水源河流上游典型小城镇的街尘为研究对象,对工业区、交通干道、旧居区、新居区和商业区5种土地利用类型的15个采样点进行街尘样品采集和粒径分级,测试街尘的密度、有机质含量以及16种U.S.EPA优控PAHs含量等指标.结果表明,粒径为<63、63～125、125～250和250～900μm街尘中总多环芳烃(∑PAHs)的平均含量分别为7261、5835、4660和2909μg·kg-1,粒径越小,PAHs含量越高,其生态风险越大.不同土地利用类型的街尘中PAHs的含量顺序依次为:工业区>交通干道>旧居区>新居区>商业区.街尘中PAHs和有机质含量存在显著正相关关系,且街尘粒径越小,有机质和PAHs的相关性越强.源解析结果表明,街尘中的PAHs多为燃烧源.     

GB/T29512—2013《手部防护 防护手套的选择、使用和维护指南》国家标准解读

本文主要介绍国家标准GB/T 29512—2013的实施背景以及防护手套的选择、使用和维护指南,并提出标准实施的建议。     

尖山河小流域土壤可蚀性K值空间变异研究

小流域尺度的土壤可蚀性 K 值空间分异特征及其与土地利用、植被类型、土壤理化性质等相关关系的研究,可以为小流域土壤侵蚀定量研究及综合治理决策提供科学依据。以云南省抚仙湖库区尖山河小流域为研究区,在大密度土壤采样和土壤理化性质测试分析的基础上,采用EPIC模型K值计算方法、地统计学方法和Kriging空间插值方法,计算分析了尖山河小流域土壤可蚀性K值的空间变异特征及土地利用/植被覆盖对K值的影响作用。结果表明,（1）研究区K值变化范围为0.1628-0.3836,均值为0.2824,中值为0.2885,均值与中值相近似,表明K值分布较均匀;变异系数为17.98%, K值存在中等程度的空间变异性。（2）不同土壤质地类型的K值存在一定差异,研究区主要土壤质地类型K值从大到小依次为粉壤〉壤土〉粘壤〉砂壤。（3）研究区以中可侵蚀性（0.25-0.30）、中高可侵蚀性（0.30-0.35）和中低可侵蚀性（0.20-0.25）土壤为主,面积分别为1797.88 hm2、1185.51 hm2和542.32 hm2,分别占小流域总面积的50.76%、33.47%和15.31%,而高可侵蚀性（〉0.35）土壤和较低可侵蚀性（0.15-0.20）土壤分布面积较少,无低可侵蚀性（〈0.15）土壤;在空间分布上,北部高山区土壤具有中低可侵蚀性,中、南部的低海拔区土壤具有中高可侵蚀性,中、南部其余区域土壤具有中可侵蚀性,这种空间分布与海拔存在较强的相关关系。（4）土地利用/植被覆盖对K值具有明显的影响作用,研究区主要土地利用/植被覆盖类型 K 值从小到大依次为林地〈灌草地〈荒草地〈旱平地〈园地〈旱坡地〈水田,需频繁松土、除草、耕作和扰动的土地利用/植被覆盖类型（园地、旱坡地、旱平地和水田）其K值较大,而无需耕作、扰动小的土地利用/植被覆盖类型（林地、荒草地和灌草地）其K值较小,这表?