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81.
Arcos D Grandia F Domènech C Fernández AM Villar MV Muurinen A Carlsson T Sellin P Hernán P 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2008,102(3-4):196-209
The KBS-3 underground nuclear waste repository concept designed by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB) includes a bentonite buffer barrier surrounding the copper canisters and the iron insert where spent nuclear fuel will be placed. Bentonite is also part of the backfill material used to seal the access and deposition tunnels of the repository. The bentonite barrier has three main safety functions: to ensure the physical stability of the canister, to retard the intrusion of groundwater to the canisters, and in case of canister failure, to retard the migration of radionuclides to the geosphere. Laboratory experiments (< 10 years long) have provided evidence of the control exerted by accessory minerals and clay surfaces on the pore water chemistry. The evolution of the pore water chemistry will be a primordial factor on the long-term stability of the bentonite barrier, which is a key issue in the safety assessments of the KBS-3 concept.In this work we aim to study the long-term geochemical evolution of bentonite and its pore water in the evolving geochemical environment due to climate change. In order to do this, reactive transport simulations are used to predict the interaction between groundwater and bentonite which is simulated following two different pathways: (1) groundwater flow through the backfill in the deposition tunnels, eventually reaching the top of the deposition hole, and (2) direct connection between groundwater and bentonite rings through fractures in the granite crosscutting the deposition hole. The influence of changes in climate has been tested using three different waters interacting with the bentonite: present-day groundwater, water derived from ice melting, and deep-seated brine. Two commercial bentonites have been considered as buffer material, MX-80 and Deponit CA-N, and one natural clay (Friedland type) for the backfill. They show differences in the composition of the exchangeable cations and in the accessory mineral content. Results from the simulations indicate that pore water chemistry is controlled by the equilibrium with the accessory minerals, especially carbonates. pH is buffered by precipitation/dissolution of calcite and dolomite, when present. The equilibrium of these minerals is deeply influenced by gypsum dissolution and cation exchange reactions in the smectite interlayer. If carbonate minerals are initially absent in bentonite, pH is then controlled by surface acidity reactions in the hydroxyl groups at the edge sites of the clay fraction, although its buffering capacity is not as strong as the equilibrium with carbonate minerals. The redox capacity of the bentonite pore water system is mainly controlled by Fe(II)-bearing minerals (pyrite and siderite). Changes in the groundwater composition lead to variations in the cation exchange occupancy, and dissolution–precipitation of carbonate minerals and gypsum. The most significant changes in the evolution of the system are predicted when ice-melting water, which is highly diluted and alkaline, enters into the system. In this case, the dissolution of carbonate minerals is enhanced, increasing pH in the bentonite pore water. Moreover, a rapid change in the population of exchange sites in the smectite is expected due to the replacement of Na for Ca. 相似文献
82.
83.
The practice of contaminant transport and remediation has shown significant progress in recent years. However, despite the
significant progress made, remediation efforts are often delayed by extremely long breakthrough curve tails that render efforts
to bring the level of contaminants below the regulatory standards inefficient. One hypothesis is that these long tails are
due to the reservoir-like slow diffusive processes in soil micropore zones. This study compares the effects of micropores
at macroscopic and microscopic levels and establishes a link between these approaches for validation and calibration purposes.
The link between macroscopic and microscopic levels is established through comparisons and testing of the two models while
incorporating appropriate scale and boundary effects. Despite the differences in conceptual approaches and simulation time,
the two approaches rendered meaningful results. The link helps forecast the effects of micropore zone transport processes
in the subsurface efficiently and thus allows development of numerical tools that could contribute towards more efficient
remediation design. 相似文献
84.
姜长宁 《防灾减灾工程学报》2001,21(2):1-5
依据江苏数字地震台网的几何布局 ,对区域上设定的不同震级和震源位置的可能事件 ,作了以下两点考虑。 (1)根据不同震级地震的监测范围 ,确定了相应的定位子台组合。 (2 )对同一地震事件 ,考虑到震相分析P震相和S震相测量精度上的差异 ,引入了不同的标准误差σP 和σS。在此基础上 ,通过模拟地震波理论走时和对走时矩阵的奇异值分解方法 ,计算了估计震源参数标准误差的参量空间协方差矩阵值 ,给出了标准误差理论值等值线图 ,用此方法讨论分析了江苏数字地震台网的地震定位能力。 相似文献
85.
The focus of this paper is on the dynamics of a dense current flowing along the continental slope, and the frictionally induced downward motion it experiences. In particular, the movement of the lateral boundaries where the isopycnals meet the bottom are considered. The current is taken to be wide compared to the Rossby radius, which is in accordance with observations and makes the dynamics quasigeostrophic. The time development of the plume thickness is studied, using three different parameterisations for the bottom friction.Independently of the choice of parameterisation, the following results are obtained: In the central part of the plume friction acts as a diffusive process to minimise the curvature of the upper surface of the plume. At the upper edge the plume quickly approaches a state with small slope, i.e. small geostrophic velocity and small frictionally induced downward flow. At the lower edge a tongue of dense water shoots out creating a widening layer. The thickness of the migrating layer is approximately equal to the boundary layer depth and its downward speed is comparable to the along-slope geostrophic velocity. The downslope end of the migrating layer may form a steep front which requires some precautions in the numerical procedure. 相似文献
86.
A Global Model Tracking Water, Nitrogen, and Land Inputs and Virtual Transfers from Industrialized Meat Production and Trade 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Marshall Burke Kirsten Oleson Ellen McCullough Joanne Gaskell 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(2):179-193
Rising populations and incomes throughout the world have boosted meat demand by over 75% in the last 20years, intensifying
pressures on production systems and the natural resources to which they are linked. As a growing proportion of global meat
production is traded, the environmental impacts of production become increasingly separated from where the meat is consumed.
In this paper, we quantify the use of three important resources associated with industrial livestock production and trade—water,
land, and nitrogen—using a country-specific model that combines trade, agronomic, biogeochemical, and hydrological data. Our
model focuses on pigs and chickens, as these animals are raised predominantly in intensive systems using concentrated, compound
feeds. The results describe the geographical patterns of environmental resource use due to meat production, trade, and consumption.
We show that US feed, animal, and meat destined for export require almost as much nitrogen and land, and 20% more water, than
products destined for domestic consumption. Model results also demonstrate that among various production factors, improvements
in crop yields and animal feed conversion efficiencies result in the most significant reductions in environmental harm. By
explicitly tracking the externalities of meat production, we hope to bolster suppliers’ accountability and provide better
information to meat consumers.
相似文献
Kirsten OlesonEmail: |
87.
Stef Proost 《Integrated Assessment》2000,1(2):145-156
This paper surveys some recent studies on conventional air pollution and climate change in the transport sector in Europe.
Fuel efficiency standards, car emission standards and transport pricing instruments are analysed from an economic perspective
taking into account environmental and economic efficiency objectives.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
88.
Gowri VS Ramachandran S Ramesh R Pramiladevi IR Krishnaveni K 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,138(1-3):41-49
Residential, industrial, commercial, institutional and recreational activities discharge degradable and non-degradable wastes
that reach the coastal water through rivers and cause coastal pollution. In the present study, mass transport of pollutants
by Adyar and Cooum Rivers to the coastal water as a result of land-based discharges was estimated during low tide. The lowest
and the highest flow recorded in Adyar varied from 514.59 to 2,585.08×106 litres/day. Similarly, the flow in Cooum River fluctuated between 266.45 and 709.34×106 litres/day. The present study revealed that the Adyar River transported 53.89–454.11 t/d of suspended solids, 0.06–19.64 t/d
of ammonia, 15.95–123.24 t/d of nitrate and 0.4–17.86 t/d of phosphate, 0.004–0.09 kg/d of cadmium, 0.15–1.29 kg/d of lead
and 3.03–17.58 kg/d of zinc to the coastal water owing to its high discharge. Similarly, the Cooum River transported 11.87–120.06 t/d
of suspended solids, 0.08–58.7 t/d of ammonia, 6.11–29.25 t/d of nitrate and 0.66–10.73 t/d of phosphate, 0.003–0.021 kg/d
of cadmium, 0.02–0.44 kg/d of lead and 1.36–3.87 kg/d of zinc. A higher concentration of suspended solids was noticed in post
monsoon and summer months. An increase in the mass transport of ammonia, nitrate, phosphate in summer months (April and May)
and an increase in the mass transport of cadmium, lead and zinc were observed in monsoon months (October–December) in both
the rivers. Thus mass transport of pollutants study reveal that Cooum and Adyar Rivers in Chennai contribute to coastal pollution
by transporting inorganic and trace metals significantly through land drainage. 相似文献
89.
90.
Cadmium has been recognized as pollutant of the environment for many years and numerous studies on its toxic effects have been carried out. Little, however, is known about its metabolic behaviour e.g. why the metal is accumulated so extremely rapidly into the organs of men and animals. Since the study of the individual metabolic steps is very difficult in vivo cell cultures may be used to obtain first indications of what happens in the whole animal. We used CHO cells in monolayer culture to study the conditions under which the uptake of cadmium occurs. From serumfree medium the metal is accumulated rapidly in the cells. The uptake is inhibited very strongly by the presence of serum or albumin. Accumulation occurs against a concentration gradient and is dependent on the incubation temperature. Below 10°C no cadmium uptake is seen. Several substances which are known to affect cell metabolism have been used to influence cadmium accumulation. Neither inhibitors of energy production nor microtubule or microfilament disruptors showed any substantial effect. In contrast SH‐group blocking agents markedly reduced cadmium uptake. The results show that cadmium uptake does not occur by passive diffusion but by some active mechanism. 相似文献