钒氧化物对过硫酸盐降解2,4-二硝基甲苯的影响

钒是土壤中普遍存在的微量元素,钒氧化物对过硫酸盐(PS)降解有机污染物的影响及作用机制目前还不明确。以三氧化二钒(V₂O₃)、二氧化钒(VO₂)和五氧化二钒(V₂O₅)为研究对象,探究了不同PS/钒氧化物体系对2, 4-二硝基甲苯(2, 4-DNT)的降解性能和相关机理。结果表明：不同PS/钒氧化物体系对2, 4-DNT的降解性能具有显著差别,其中PS/V₂O₃体系表现出较强的氧化能力;在反应10 h后,PS/V₂O₃体系中2, 4-DNT的降解率为77.2%,且准一级动力学模型可以很好地描述PS/V₂O₃体系对2, 4-DNT的降解过程。电子自旋共振分析和自由基淬灭实验结果表明,羟基自由基是降解2, 4-DNT的主要自由基。V₂O₃浓度、PS浓度和初始pH是影响PS/V₂O₃体系降解2, 4-DNT的重要因素。2, 4-DNT的降解率随V₂O₃含量升高而先升高后降低,在V₂O₃ 为5.0 mmol·L⁻¹时,2, 4-DNT的降解率最高(91.70%);随着PS浓度的升高,在PS/V₂O₃体系中2, 4-DNT的降解率亦显著提升;当初始pH分别为3.0、5.0、7.0和9.0时,反应10 h后,V₂O₃活化PS对2, 4-DNT的降解率分别为85.91%、80.07%、80.72%和85.72%。以上研究结果可为进一步明确土壤和地下水基质对过硫酸盐原位化学氧化的影响提供参考。     

Ce掺杂低钒V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂脱除烟气元素汞的研究

制备了Ce掺杂的低矾V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂,在模拟燃煤烟气条件下开展Hg⁰的脱除实验.结果表明该催化剂具有很好的Hg⁰脱除能力,在200～500℃的温度范围内能脱除烟气中95%的Hg⁰.催化剂表征结果表明,比表面积、 孔容和孔径与汞脱除能力没有显著相关性.XPS的结果表明,催化剂表面的Ce是以Ce⁴⁺的形式存在,有利于Hg⁰的脱除反应.抗硫抗水实验表明,H₂O会轻微抑制Hg⁰的脱除反应,主要原因是H₂O和Hg⁰在样品表面的竞争吸附;SO₂会促进Hg⁰的脱除反应,原因是SO₂能增加样品表面的酸吸附位且增加表面Hg⁰的吸附量.     

Extractable Hydrocarbons, Nickel and Vanadium Contents of Ogbodo-Isiokpo Oil Spill Polluted Soils in Niger Delta, Nigeria

An oil spill polluted site at Ogbodo-Isiokpo in Ikwere Local Government Area of Rivers State in southern Nigeria, was identified for study following three successive reconnaissance surveys of oil fields in the Agbada west plain of Eastern Niger Delta. A sampling area of 200 m × 200 m was delimited at the oil spill impacted site using the grid technique and soils were collected at surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–30 cm) depths from three replicate quadrats. A geographically similar, unaffected area, located 50 m adjacent to the polluted site, was chosen as a control (reference) site. Total extractable hydrocarbon contents of the polluted soils ranged from 3.02–4.54 and 1.60–4.20 mg/kg (no overlap in standard errors) at surface and subsurface depths respectively. The concentrations of two “diagnostic” trace heavy metals, nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V), which are normal constituents of crude oil, were also determined in the soils by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method after pre-extraction of cations with dithionite–citrate carbonate. Ni varied from 0.15 to 1.65 mg/kg in the polluted plots and from 0.18 to 0.82 mg/kg in the unpolluted plots; vanadium varied from 0.19 to 0.70 mg/kg in the polluted plots and from 0.14 to 0.38 mg/kg in the unpolluted plots. Ni and V were more enhanced (p < 0.05) in the oil-polluted soils, especially at subsurface depth. Whilst the oil spillage could be said to be indirectly responsible for the enhanced concentrations of nickel and vanadium via the injection and availability of the petroleum hydrocarbons that might have increased the activities of biodegradation on site, the physico-chemical properties of the soils and inherent mobility of metals, as well as the intense rainfall and flooding that characterized the period of study, may have also contributed, at least in part, to these enhanced concentrations. Such levels of Ni and V may result to enhanced absorption by plants, which may bring about possible bioaccumulation in such plants and the animals that depend on them for survival and all of these may lead to toxic reactions along the food chain.     

混凝-砂滤-活性炭过滤-微滤-反渗透集成技术处理钒冶炼废水

针对在"低钠焙烧水浸提取偏钒酸钠-离子交换树脂提纯-氯化铵沉钒"生产钒工艺下产生的废水的高盐度,可生化性差,使用传统的方法难以达到排放标准等特点,提出了"混凝-砂滤-活性炭过滤-微滤-反渗透"集成技术处理钒冶炼废水。考察了混凝沉淀的最佳条件,同时重点探讨了操作压力、运行时间和pH等操作参数对膜运行效果的影响。反渗透出水的COD为20.7 mg/L,Cl-为176 mg/L,电导率为387μS/cm,除盐率达到99.4%,总铬、六价铬和总钒等重金属的去除率都达到99%以上,远远低于国家规定的排放标准,该出水能回用于大部分生产工序;浓缩液也能回用于成球工艺和烟气处理工序,实现了钒冶炼废水的零排放。具有比较可观的经济价值和广阔的应用前景。     

水中铝元素和钒元素测定方法的研究

应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP—AES法）和紫外一可见分光光度法检测水中的铝元素和钒元素的含量,并对比这两种检测方法的效果。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中的钒

用石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中的钒,方法检出限为2.0μg/l,测定上限为600μg/l,水样可直接进样分析,简便,快捷。     

铁基固体材料对钒矿污染土壤的固化效果研究

选用还原性材料铁粉、硫酸亚铁,氧化性材料三氧化二铁,吸附性材料钢渣、针铁矿,共5种3类铁基固体材料对钒冶炼渣污染的土壤进行了固化研究.结果表明,固定效率由高到低依次为硫酸亚铁>铁粉>针铁矿>钢渣>三氧化二铁.在1%的添加量、固化7d的固化条件及水平振荡的检测方法下,铁粉、硫酸亚铁对V的固定效率分别达到了97.7%和98.8%.模拟酸雨的浸出环境对还原性材料影响不大.还原性材料固化1d内对V和Cr便达到较高固定效率,之后30d内固定效率呈现轻微下降趋势.随材料用量增加,还原性材料对V和Cr的固定效率增大,实验最大用量2%时,铁粉对两者固定效率分别达到99.6%和78.5%,硫酸亚铁达到99.9%和90.6%.BCR分析表明,还原性材料对实验土样固化后,大幅降低了V的酸提取态,增加了V的可氧化态.     

陕西省钒行业清洁生产水平分析

选取资源能源利用、生产工艺技术、污染物排放、资源综合利用4类一级指标及其下属的18个二级指标,对陕西省18家钒产品生产企业进行清洁生产水平分析,分析结果：陕西省钒行业各评价指标的平均值属中等偏上清洁水平,矿石回采率、浸出率（湿法）、沉钒率、热解率、钒总回收率等指标得分较高,氨消耗和排放量、废石排放量、废水钒浓度及酸消耗量（火法）等指标得分较低,提出资源能源消耗、资源综合利用和生产工艺设备三方面对策。     

动力学光度法测定环境样品中微量钒

本文研究了V(Ⅳ)对Cr_2O_7~(2-)-I~--淀粉氧化还原反应体系的诱导作用,以此为基础提出了一种测定微量钒的动力学新方法,并建立了测定最佳条件:[Cr_2O_7~(2-)]=8.4×10~(-5)mol·L~(-1),[I~-]=2.1×10~(-3)mol·L~(-1),pH=2.1,585nm。在此条件下,钒(Ⅳ)含量在0—6.6μg·ml~(-1)范围内符合比尔定律,方法检测限为0.02μgV(IV)·ml~(-1)。除Fe~(3+),Fe~(2+),Sn~(2+),Ti~(3+)外,其它共存离子不影响测定。用本方法测定了几种环境样品中的微量钒,结果满意,标准加入回收率为95.1—98.3％。     

微量钒的分光光度测定方法研究进展

综述分光光度法测定试样中微量钒,并对各种方法的测量条件、特点以及应用范围作了较为详尽的论述和介绍。