利用改性钒钛钢渣和飞灰吸附模拟烟气中的Hg0

固体废弃物钒钛钢渣(VTS)、飞灰(FA)含有Fe、V、Ti等可促进Hg0氧化吸附的过渡金属氧化物,为提高VTS吸附Hg0性能、改性FA的抗硫特性,利用蒸汽活化、浸渍FeCl₃方法改性FA/VTS、FA/CaO,在固定吸附床上研究了不同改性方法、反应温度(T)、烟气ρ(SO₂)和ρ(HCl)对η(吸Hg0效率)的影响. 结果表明:蒸汽活化对提高η的作用有限. 经浸渍FeCl₃方法改性的FA/VTS,其η显著提高,在200 ℃下,吸附20 min时可达93%,吸附10 h后的Q(吸附容量)为0.42 mg/g;而浸渍FeCl₃方法改性的FA/CaO,其η随温度呈先升后降趋势,在120 ℃、吸附20 min时达到最高(74%). SO₂抑制Hg0的吸附,但FA/VTS的抗硫性能较FA/CaO有显著提高,具有低温抗硫吸附Hg0的潜势,可能与VTS中Ti的质量分数高有关. HCl可促进Hg0的吸附,在ρ(HCl)为30 mg/m3条件下,浸渍FeCl₃方法改性的FA/VTS吸附2 h的η在90%以上. 研究表明,经FeCl₃浸渍改性的FA/VTS是较好的Hg0吸附剂,具有实际应用的潜势.      

The use of δ18O as an indicator of vanadium movement in a dormant stratovolcano region

The oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O) stable water tracer can be a promising new tool for identifying trace metals in volcanoes and their sources. In the present study, the origin of vanadium in water from a spring at the base of Mt. Fuji is examined using δ¹⁸O, a dormant stratovolcano consisting of lava and basalt rock located on the North Pacific Coast of Japan. A comparison of water from the main springs at the foot of the Mt. Fuji volcano indicates that only V, Cr, Mn and Co enrichment could be related to volcanic events, whereas Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb originate from the dissolution of particles of anthropogenic origin from the industrial areas of Fuji and Fujinomiya. The average V concentrations at the mountain sites ranged from 50 to 110 µg L^?1 and from 18 to 47 µg L^?1 in the coastal areas. The δ¹⁸O became depleted at higher elevations and increased in coastal areas as well as in some NO₃^?-contaminated water. Therefore, variations in the dissolved V/δ¹⁸O ratio in springs of the study area occur due to the elevations of their catchments and the increased concentrations of δ¹⁸O from NO₃^? as a contaminant.     

陕西省石煤提钒行业存在的问题及对策研究

陕西的石煤主要分布在陕南秦岭南坡的商洛地区,但大部分石煤钒矿属于难处理矿,钒大部分以V（Ⅲ）和V（Ⅳ）存在,目前企业大多采用“焙烧＋稀酸浸出＋氨法沉钒”或者“强酸浸出＋氨法沉钒”工艺进行生产。存在的问题一是钒的综合回收率为65％左右,整体偏低;二是生产废水中含有大量氨使得废水闭路循环难度大;三是矿区大部分位于汉丹江水系的中上游地区或临近出省断面,选址较为敏感。针对以上存在的问题提出了解决建议．并对陕西省石煤提钒行业的发展做出了展望。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定地表水中钒的方法探讨

钒具有生物活性,是人体所必需的微量元素之一。天然水中钒的含量很低,浓度大约为1-10μg/L。钒作为第一类污染物,上海市污水综合排放标准中对含钒污水的排放限值为2．0mg／L。文章探讨了用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定水中钒的方法,具有灵敏度高、干扰少、重现性好、操作简便快捷、使用设备和试剂简单等优点。其方法检出限为0．002mg／L,RSD为1．4％,加标回收率在94．2％-103．0％,适用于地表水中痕量钒的测定。     

含钒石煤生产五氧化二钒污染治理

介绍用含钒石煤生产五氧化二钒的原理和低污染生产工艺。论述了五氧化二钒生产中废水、废气、废渣、噪声的产生及其废水、废气、噪声的治理方法与效果。并介绍了废渣的处置与综合利用技术及五氧化二钒生产可能带来的放射性影响及防护措施。     

油酸铵改性的高活性TiO2/V-TiO2复合光催化剂的制备及光催化降解甲基橙的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,将经过油酸铵改性的掺钒二氧化钛粉末投入到纯TiO2溶胶中,烘干、煅烧,制得带有n-n异质结半导体结构的复合型高活性掺钒二氧化钛光催化剂,并通过XRD、TEM、XPS等技术对样品进行了表征。通过对甲基橙溶液的光催化降解实验来考察TiO2/V-TiO2催化剂的光催化活性。结果表明：TiO2/V-TiO2复合催化剂拥有比纯TiO2更高的光催化活性。其中,V的掺杂摩尔分数为0.5%、TiO2：V-TiO2的质量比为10∶1的最佳复合催化剂,其光催化活性是纯TiO2的5.1倍。     

空气整段间隔流动注射-催化动力学光度法测定天然水中痕量钒

应用空气整段间隔流动注射法与改进的钒-溴酸钾-没食子酸催化动力学反应体系相结合,建立了测定天然水体中痕量钒的催化动力学光度FIA法。通过使用一个自制的进样阀,使样品带在反应管道中的留存时间得到延长,加热允许温度得到提高。在温度80℃,反应留存时间4.75min条件下,可测定0—10ppb的钒,检出限达0.1ppb。测定2ppb钒样品时,RSD为2.7％(n=10),测定频率达90次/h,方法的平均回收率在80—109％之间。     

Second german heavy-metal survey by means of mosses,and comparison of the first and second approach in germany and other european countries

This paper shows the geographic distribution in Germany of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) analyzed in mosses in 1995/96 and compares it with the results of the 1990/91 pilot study within a European moss-monitoring programme. Other elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ti, V, Zn) are compared on basis of the overall element medians for Germany of the 1990/91 and 1995/96 survey. Samples of Pleurozium schreberi, Scleropodium purum, Hypnum cupressiforme and Hylocomium splendens were taken at a total of 1026 sites. In the 1995/96 monitoring campaign, 95% of the original sites of the 1990/91 study were resampled. The results from 1995/96 display local elevated values and many cases of areas affected by known sources of heavy-metal emissions. The industrialized and urban regions of Germany are shown up clearly by the 1995/96 moss-monitoring results: the Ruhr area, parts of Saarland and Baden-Württemberg, as well as areas in eastern Germany. Relatively low values for many elements were found in large areas of Lower Saxony and Bavaria. A comparison of the results of the 1990/91 and 1995/96 moss-monitoring programmes shows a fall in the concentration of the presented elements (except cadmium, copper and zinc) over the relevant period. Especially in the former GDR, chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V) decreased significantly. This is, firstly, a reflection of the closure of and/or technological improvements to large power plants; secondly it is due to the fact that lignite has given way to other fuels. Vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni), typical constituents of crude oil, also show a decrease in the western part and thus document changes in the type of fuel consumed. The significant fall in lead concentration in 1995/96 as compared to 1990/91 in what used to be East and West Germany probably results from the increasing use of lead-free petrol. A comparison of the median values for 1990/91 and 1995/96 in mosses to the rate of emission of heavy metals in Germany for 1990 and 1995 shows similar trends in the case of elements such as arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb). The comparison of the medians of the elements analyzed for 19 European countries indicates for most of the elements a general tendency to lower values in 1995, except for Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Italy and United Kingdom.     

Plant Uptake of Trace Metal Oxoions From Two Contrasting Acid Soils

Uptake of arsenic, molybdenum, uranium and vanadium by species of natural vegetation (Agrostis capillaris, Betula pendula, Calluna vulgaris, and Deschampsia flexuosa) on two contrasting, highly acid soils (pH of soil solution 4.2-4.3), differing in natural abundance of these elements, was compared. the soil developed from alum shale was rich in these elements, the soil from a gneiss moraine was poor in these elements. Leaf/ above ground biomass concentrations were positively related to soil concentrations of the elements, but least closely for uranium, and vanadium tended to be excluded by the plants, compared to arsenic, and especially to molybdenum. the relationships between soil and plant concentrations were broadly similar whether nitric acid-digestible or the much lower DTPA extractable soil fractions were considered. Leaf concentrations of plants from the shale and the gneiss soil, respectively, ranged 1.41-2.76 and 0.30-0.58 nmolg^-1 dry weight for arsenic, 14-140 and 0.5-9.6 for molybdenum, 0.031-0.069 and 0.013-0.030 for uranium, 2.3-6.4 and 0.75-3.3 for vanadium.     

低钒和无钒基氧化物类NH_3-SCR催化剂研究进展

NH_3-SCR技术是脱硝领域中应用最多和最为成熟的技术。现已工业化应用的V_2O_5-WO_3(MoO_3)-TiO_2催化剂存在低温活性差、操作温度范围窄,活性组分V_2O_5具有生物毒性等缺陷。因此,开发高效、稳定且无毒的新型无钒基NH_3-SCR催化剂成为脱硝领域的研究热点。以不同活性基的氧化物催化剂为主线,综述了国内外低钒和无钒基氧化物类NH_3-SCR催化剂的研究进展,总结了原料配方和制备工艺对催化剂性能和反应机理的影响,并展望了脱硝领域未来可能的发展方向。