生物质气化火灾爆炸事故BN-LOPA分析

提出一种基于BN-LOPA的生物质气化火灾爆炸事故评价方法。绘制出生物质气化火灾爆炸故障树并转换为贝叶斯网络,计算出的事故发生概率为2.600×10-3,根据风险矩阵得出对应风险等级为10级,因此需要在计划内采取安全措施降低风险。采用贝叶斯网络的向后推导计算基本事件后验概率,找出失效后易导致事故发生的节点,对这些节点设置独立防护层并计算设置后基本事件及顶事件的发生概率。最后得出在设置独立防护层后,生物质气化火灾爆炸事故的发生概率降低至8.068×10-6,对应风险等级从10级降至5级,可满足安全生产的要求。     

华南高山背景地区黑碳云内清除特征

基于2020年南岭背景高山地区的3个典型云事件,利用地用逆流虚拟撞击器采集云中颗粒物,结合单颗粒黑碳光度计和激光雾滴谱仪分析黑碳浓度及云参数特征,探讨黑碳云内清除率及其影响因素.结果表明：进入云内的黑碳约占整体的20%,而云中含黑碳云滴的占比（4.67%）则少于含黑碳间隙颗粒的占比（15.31%）;黑碳的分粒径质量清除率和数量清除率接近,变化范围均为28%~59%;高液态含水量和云滴数浓度有利于黑碳云内清除率的增加,而黑碳云内清除率会随黑碳总浓度的增加而降低,各因素对于黑碳云内清除的影响由大到小为：云滴数浓度>液态含水量>总黑碳浓度.     

超大城市新粒子生成事件对云凝结核贡献分析

高浓度气溶胶在受人类活动影响的污染地区种类和组成非常复杂,因此,其环境和气候效应引起了广泛关注,但在超大城市背景下气溶胶粒子活化成为云凝结核的过程与边界层的相互作用尚不完全清楚.本研究基于北京（BJ）、上海（SH）、广州（GZ）的观测数据,选取3个城市的春季和冬季（北京冬季11月和广州冬季12月的连续观测,以及上海春季4月的加强观测）集成观测气溶胶数据和云凝结核同期观测的变化并结合其他污染物演化规律,对比分析了新粒子生成事件和环境变量演化对3个超大城市云凝结浓度形成的影响.结果表明,以用云凝结核（CCN）浓度与气溶胶（CN）数浓度的比值作为3个城市的活化率,北京CCN数浓度约为（500±200） #·cm^-3,CN最大浓度小于（1.0×10⁴±0.3×10⁴） #·cm^-3,活化率约为0.07%.上海CCN数浓度为（1500±500） #·cm^-3,CN最大浓度小于（98.0×10⁴±0.3×10⁴） #·cm^-3,最大活化率为0.05%.广州CCN数浓度为（150±30） #·cm^-3,CN最大浓度为（24.0×10³±0.3×10³） #·cm^-3,最大活化率为0.03%.本文旨在阐明气溶胶物理化学性质（粒子谱、化学成分、排放源等的时空演变特征）在不同排放源和大气边界层条件的影响下,造成不同类型的排放和输送过程对气溶胶活化率的影响,对比发现新粒子生成（NPF）期间CCN数浓度明显高于非新粒子生成（Non-NPF）时期,证明NPF发生时对CCN的活化率（AR）有显著的提升,在过饱和度SS=0.1%下,北京达到峰值在4×10^-3附近,广州的最大值约为17×10^-4,上海的最大值为3×10^-3.且在NPF期间气溶胶活化率显著增加,3个超大城市在NPF和Non-NPF期间,CCN数浓度与活化率的关系在上海尤其明显,化学成分包括有机物、硝酸盐和硫酸盐等物质也会影响超大城市地区气溶胶粒子的活化率,对比发现3个城市在NPF期间CCN数浓度和活化率都明显区别于其他时段.发现气溶胶的物理和化学性质以及与活化率的直接关系,可用以评估新粒子生成对区域大气环境（如霾）的影响,并估计气溶胶贡献为CCN的间接气候影响.     

Effect of separation distance on gas dispersion and vapor cloud explosion in a storage tank farm determined using computational fluid dynamics

Storage tank separation distance, which considerably affects forestalling and mitigating accident consequences, is principally determined by thermal radiation modeling and meeting industry safety requirements. However, little is known about the influence of separation distance on gas dispersion or gas explosion, which are the most destructive types of accidents in industrial settings. This study evaluated the effect of separation distance on gas dispersion and vapor cloud explosion in a storage tank farm. Experiments were conducted using Flame Acceleration Simulator, an advanced computational fluid dynamics software program. Codes governing the design of separation distances in China and the United States were compared. A series of geometrical models of storage tanks with various separation distances were established. Overall, increasing separation distance led to a substantial reduction in vapor cloud volume and size in most cases. Notably, a 1.0 storage diameter separation distance appeared to be optimal. In terms of vapor cloud explosion, a greater separation distance had a marked effect on mitigating overpressure in gas explosions. Therefore, separation distance merited consideration in the design of storage tanks to prevent gas dispersion and explosion.     

受限空间瓦斯爆炸与氢气促进机理研究

为探索受限空间中瓦斯爆炸及氢气对爆炸过程的影响,采用GRI-Mech 3.0甲烷燃烧机理,建立受限空间中瓦斯爆炸的数学模型,应用CHEMKIN软件,对受限空间内瓦斯爆炸过程及氢气对反应物浓度、活化中心浓度、主要致灾性气体浓度的影响进行模拟分析。通过对反应机理的敏感性分析,找出影响瓦斯爆炸及爆炸后主要致灾性气体生成的关键反应步。结果表明:混合气中分别充入0.5%,2%,3.5%氢气时,爆炸时间分别提前0.005 7,0.010 5,0.011 1 s;爆炸后压力分别提高2.53,4.05,7.60 kPa;爆炸后温度分别提高20,60,100 K。由此可见,随着混合气中氢气含量的增加,瓦斯引爆时间越来越短,其爆炸强度也随之增大,且氢气在一定程度上对有害气体CO,CO2,NO,NO2的生成有很大影响。     

Consequences assessment of explosions in pipes using coupled FEM-SPH method

Explosions often lead to destruction of equipment, which is a difficult problem including complicated fluid-solid interactions. Most traditional CFD methods cannot synchronously solve the movements of fluids and large deformation and fracture of solids because such problem is usually accompanied with constantly moving-and-changing boundary conditions. In this paper, a coupled Finite Element Method-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (FEM-SPH) method was proposed to simulate the dynamic processes of explosions in pipes. The propagation of blast wave and the fracture of pipe were captured in every timestep, where the energy dissipation caused by plastic deformation and crack propagation were fully considered. A rate-dependent failure criterion for high-strain-rate load conditions was employed in the numerical simulation, which was presented in our previous work and has been verified in the dynamic fracture behavior of steels for pressure vessels and pipes. In addition, a simpler formula was proposed to describe the attenuation of blast wave outside the pipe and the consequences caused by the explosions were assessed. Results revealed the interaction between blast wave and pipe, the leakage of detonation products, the attenuations of peak overpressures outside the pipe and the corresponding consequences at different distances. It is found that when considering the energy consumption during plastic deformation and crack propagation in coupled FEM-SPH method, the assessment results are more rational than that without considering such energy consumption.     

Simplified multiple equations' inverse problem of vented vessels subjected to internal gas explosions

This paper analyses the experimental data reported by Höchst and Leuckel (1998) for combustion in partially confined vessels and uses the data from these experiments to establish the burning rate based on a simplified model for the combustion process in such vessels. The model establishes three fundamental parameters which are necessary in characterizing the combustion process. These are: i) the burning rate, ii) the fraction of vent area occupied by burnt gas (or discharge sub-model), and iii) the vent area model (if cover mechanisms with variable vent areas are utilized). A set of independent equations is derived to determine the burning rate according to conservation of mass and volume for each gas fraction separately along with a general equation based on general volume conservation. Using this method we are able to describe the combustion process and examine the effect of various discharge models. The advantages of the model presented here include rapid applicability and a valuable analysis to derive mass burn rate and other useful parameters using experimental data from vented explosions with reasonable residual reactant values. Based on these results, the correct interpretation of the obtained burning rate can be used in order to explain the correct prediction of flame velocity and position according to a reasonable discharge model. The paper also evaluates the suitability of several discharge models for phenomenological models of vented explosions. The most appropriate is a Heaviside step function which considers that only unburnt gas is initially expelled, with that component decreasing and the burnt gas component increasing until finally only burnt gas is expelled. The obtained results in this study can be used to predict the burning rate behavior and the combustion process of similar problems.     

Particle size and surface area effects on explosibility using a 20-L chamber

The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) specification for rock dust used in underground coal mines, as defined by 30 CFR 75.2, requires 70% of the material to pass through a 200 mesh sieve (<75 μm). However, in a collection of rock dusts, 47% were found to not meet the criteria. Upon further investigation, it was determined that some of the samples did meet the specification, but were inadequate to render pulverized Pittsburgh coal inert in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Office of Mine Safety and Health Research (OMSHR) 20-L chamber. This paper will examine the particle size distributions, specific surface areas (SSA), and the explosion suppression effectiveness of these rock dusts. It will also discuss related findings from other studies, including full-scale results from work performed at the Lake Lynn Experimental Mine. Further, a minimum SSA for effective rock dust will be suggested.     

Estimation of the impact probability in domino effects due to the projection of fragments

Despite the remarkable severity of domino effects in activities at major hazard, a complete methodology analysing such events has not been developed and integrated within Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA). Such a deficiency appears to be particularly remarkable for domino effects triggered by the projection of fragments. The aim of the present work is therefore to propose a systematic procedure for the quantification of domino effects due to fragments projection within QRA. To achieve this objective, the deterministic approach for the estimation of the realistic trajectory of fragments is entirely reviewed. In order to incorporate such a reviewed approach within the standard QRA, a probabilistic model for the impact probability of the fragments is developed by applying a Monte-Carlo method to the trajectory equations. The validation of the proposed framework is carried out by using the data related to an accident occurred in 1993 in the oil refinery of Milazzo (Italy).     

北京城市副中心(通州区)加油站VOCs排放清单

通州区作为北京城市副中心,面临着加油站VOCs排放量快速增长的巨大压力,本研究以通州区为例,建立了一套自下而上的加油站VOCs排放清单估算方法,利用北京市本地化加油站VOCs排放因子,结合每座加油站油品销售量,编制了通州区2015~2022年高时空分辨率加油站VOCs排放清单.结果表明:(1)北京市加油站在卸油、加油和罐压控制措施的基础上增加在线监控系统(OMS),汽油VOCs排放因子由190 mg·L~(-1)降至115 mg·L~(-1),再叠加50%车载油气回收系统,排放因子分别降至131 mg·L~(-1)和96 mg·L~(-1);加油站柴油VOCs排放因子(13 mg·L~(-1))是汽油未控制排放因子(1 552 mg·L~(-1))的0.8%;(2)通州区2015年加油站VOCs排放量为97.8 t·a-1,汽油和柴油VOCs排放量分别为96.2 t·a-1和1.6 t·a-1,分别占98.4%和1.6%,排放主要集中在北京市政府新址周边区域;(3)实施《北京市2013~2017年清洁空气行动计划》油气回收要求后,考虑油品销售量增长,通州区2017年和2022年加油站VOCs排放量相比2015年减排9%和6%,假设2022年底前在28座2 000~5 000 t·a-1的加油站也安装OMS,加油站VOCs排放量相比2015年减排13%;(4)2014年APEC期间单双号限行措施使加油站每日排放量减少了(22±12)%;(5)建议加强北京市政府新址周边区域加油站和夏季以及中午加油闲时的油气回收监管工作.