特长TBM施工隧道环境粉尘安全控制研究

采用双洞单线设计方案的中天山隧道长约22.5 km,施工通风采用独头通风方案,其进口TBM施工段的长度达到13.8 km,创下国内TBM独头施工通风长度新高。此外,TBM的掘进中将产生大量的粉尘对隧道的安全施工造成重大影响,超长距离的施工通风能否提供足够的风量来净化作业环境中的粉尘相关的研究非常必要。于是对中天山隧道施工环境中的粉尘含量进行了数值模拟和现场测试,期望得出施工环境中粉尘的分布规律以更好地指导隧道安全、高效的施工。     

美国大气挥发性有机物控制历程及对中国的启示

鉴于大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)对中国区域大气复合污染的重要影响,基于大量文献调研,从政策、法律法规、标准和管理手段等方面系统梳理了美国VOCs的控制历程,并从VOCs总量削减和O3浓度变化等角度评估了控制效果.研究表明:美国的VOCs控制体系是卓有成效的,1970年-2010年间共削减VOCs 1 551.4万吨,降幅为50.6％;而且,通过控制VOCs的排放实现了对臭氧(O3)污染协同控制的初衰.该研究结果对中国VOCs控制具有重要借鉴意义.     

The bright side of emotional labor

Emotional labor (expressing emotions as part of one's job duties, as in “service with a smile”) can be beneficial for employees, organizations, and customers. Meta‐analytical summaries reveal that deep acting (summoning up the appropriate feelings one wants to display) generally has positive outcomes. Unlike surface acting (faking emotions), deep acting does not harm employee well‐being, and deep acting is positively related with job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job performance, and customer satisfaction. Emerging research also suggests that a third form of emotional labor, natural and genuine emotional labor, is a frequently used emotional labor strategy that has positive effects for both employees and customers. We examine how identity processes shape how employees experience emotional labor, and we maintain that when employees identify with their roles, emotional labor augments and affirms their identity. Person‐job fit is an important moderator that influences whether emotional labor enhances or hinders employee well‐being. Emotional labor may also have positive outcomes when organizations grant more autonomy and adopt positive display rules that call for the expression of positive emotions. Recent research also indicates that emotional labor strategies may improve leadership effectiveness. Research opportunities on the bright side of emotional labor are abundant. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于pH调控的城市污泥厌氧发酵产酸小试研究

本研究设计了热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵污泥处理工艺,探究了p H对热碱预处理污泥产酸性能的影响,同时对发酵液作为碳源回用于污水厂强化脱氮除磷进行了质量衡算.在30 L厌氧发酵罐中考察了偏中性(p H=6.5)和碱性(p H=10.0)条件下热碱预处理污泥发酵的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产生及分布、蛋白质及碳水化合物的消耗和氮磷释放情况.结果表明,污泥热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵工艺的VFA产量稳定,在p H为6.5和10.0的条件下,发酵罐中平均VFA产率分别为333.29 mg·g-1(以每g VS产生的COD(mg)计,下同)和250.64 mg·g-1,p H为6.5时产酸更稳定,且产量较高,但碱性条件更适合产乙酸.两种p H条件下的SCOD、溶解性蛋白质、溶解性多糖、氮和磷的释放都无较大差异.质量衡算结果表明,以处理量为50000 m3·d-1的城市污水处理厂为例,其产生的污泥经过热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵产酸工艺,产生的VFA能够满足该污水处理厂脱氮除磷提标改造的碳源需求.     

台湾地区VOCs污染控制法规、政策和标准

台湾地区已经制定了比较完善的挥发性有机物（VOCs）控制法规、政策和标准体系,并在VOCs控制方面取得了很好的效果.本文对台湾地区涉及VOCs控制的政策框架,包括行政管制措施和经济奖惩制度进行了完整的总结和分析,对我国大陆地区VOCs控制政策的制定和实施具有重要的参考价值.     

Case study evidence that direct regulation remains the main driver of industrial pollution avoidance and may benefit operational efficiency

Environmental regulation is required to reduce industrial pollution to levels that are socially acceptable and economically efficient, but there is debate over the most efficient form of such regulation. Typically, a limited range of environmental and economic parameters are accounted for in the econometric studies that inform that debate. This paper integrates evidence from two separate studies to assess a broad range of parameters related to the efficiency of industrial environmental regulation. Questionnaire responses from 25 Italian manufacturers of building-chemicals and 28 Irish pharmaceutical manufacturers provided evidence on the environmental effectiveness and operational impacts of different regulatory instruments. Combined with extensive emissions data from Irish pharmaceutical manufacturers, survey results enabled a quantitative estimation of pollution avoidance specifically attributable to direct regulation. The monetised social benefit of avoided pollution was found to be equal to direct compliance costs. Chemical manufacturers in Italy and Ireland stated that direct regulation is a more important driver of industrial environmental performance than economic or voluntary regulation, and their responses indicated that direct compliance costs may be countered somewhat by stimulated operational improvements. It was concluded that direct regulation is an effective approach for multi-pollutant control in an industrial context, and that the efficiency of such regulation may be underestimated in studies that do not consider the full range of pollutants and operational effects.     

温州市电镀行业整治及思考

从2003年至2006年,温州市以"打非、整治、严管、入园"为核心开展电镀整治,从而摘掉了省级环境保护重点"监管区"的帽子.电镀业整治是一项艰巨的长期工作,要从四方面加强管理.一是在全市范围建立长效管理机制,巩固和深化电镀业整治取得的成果,有效遏止非法电镀死灰复燃,确保合法电镀稳定达标排放.二是建设电镀园区,集中生产,统一治污.三是建立容量的总量控制,实施排污指标商品化.四是推行环保设施市场化运营,实现稳定达标排放.     

Census Peek: Collaboration in the New York City Catskill/Delaware Watershed: Case Study 1990–2000

Because watershed collaborations connect economic and environmental concerns, they are of interest to students of sustainable economic development. The economic outcomes of such collaborations are difficult to study because socio-economic data collection areas do not generally correspond to collaboration boundaries and also because of the simultaneity of economic stimuli and restrictions in collaborative arrangements. This case study of New York City’s Watershed Collaboration in its Catskill Delaware Watershed used a mapping program to create a database of Watershed residents from the 1990 and 2000 census. It provides a heretofore unavailable socioeconomic portrait of the Watershed and trends in indicators relevant to Collaboration effectiveness such as age, demographic pressures, and economic welfare. Through the use of national, state, regional and rural controls, the study also explores the impact of the agreement on the Watershed. Results do not provide evidence of a net negative impact and are consistent with a net positive impact. Several trends which work against agreement effectiveness are identified.     

Experimental floods: A new era for Spanish and Mediterranean rivers?

The provision of human-designed floods in regulated rivers is still an incipient worldwide practice. However, these floods have already been shown to have relevant effects on the ecogeomorphic integrity of rivers altered by flow regulation. In Spain, experimental floods were legally established in 2008 and were stipulated in two subsequent Basin Management Plans as compulsory practice for improving the functioning of strategic river reaches. Since that time, a number of flooding events have been carried out in rivers of Mediterranean condition. This paper reviews the main consequences of experimental flood releases in three Spanish river sites downstream of major hydraulic infrastructures. In each case, the ecologic and geomorphic effects of the releases are analysed in parallel with their causes and consequences, thereby providing a detailed understanding of the dynamics of each scenario. The Spanish examples and the lessons learned from them are contrasted with examples of experimental floods from other countries (U.S.A., Switzerland, Australia). Lastly, recommendations are proposed to improve the implementation of future experimental floods in Spain and other Mediterranean countries.     

环境规制的界定、分类与演进研究

受Chipko运动启发,本文对环境规制的内涵做了重新界定.基于这一界定,将环境规制分为显性环境规制和隐性环境规制,其中,显性环境规制又分为命令控制型环境规制、以市场为基础的激励性环境规制和自愿性环境规制;分析了不同类型环境规制的内涵与特征等,着重提出了隐性环境规制这一全新范畴,并对其涵义、生成与作用模式进行了初步的研究;从规制主体、规制对象、规制成本和效率等方面探讨了不同环境规制闻的联系与区别;研究了环境规制的演变过程.本文的意义在于,对政府而言,对隐性环境规制的探索,可能扩大了政府环保策略的选择与运用空间;对企业来说,则打开了长期为人们所忽略的一个"环境规制黑箱",丰富了人们对企业环境决策变量的认识,为改善和优化企业的环境决策提供了理论基础.