控释氮肥减量配施对土壤氨挥发和N2 O排放的影响

施用控释氮肥是提高氮素利用效率、减少氮素损失的重要途径.为研究聚合物包膜氮肥与普通尿素配比减量施用对旱作棕壤氨挥发和N₂O排放的影响,利用15N同位素标记技术,通过5个不同氮肥施用量处理,分析施肥后土壤的氨挥发和N₂O排放规律以及玉米的当季氮肥利用率.结果表明:①土壤氨挥发主要出现在施肥后的前2周,普通尿素氨挥发速率最大可达4.04 kg/（hm2·d）,最大值出现在施肥后第7天,施用配比包膜氮肥氨挥发峰值出现时间比普通尿素延迟2 d,且氨挥发总量明显降低,为2.15 kg/（hm2·d）.②对于各处理下的氨挥发总量,无氮处理（CK）为3.69 kg/hm2,常规尿素处理（NU）为18.64 kg/hm2,配比控释氮肥处理（PU1）为9.39 kg/hm2,减量配比控释氮肥处理（PU2）为6.44 kg/hm2,再减量配比控释氮肥处理（PU3）为5.02 kg/hm2.③N₂O排放规律呈现先平稳后升高的趋势,较高的N₂O排放通量集中在施肥后的55~91 d之间.N₂O排放峰值最高的是常规尿素处理,在施肥后第79天出现,达到0.299 mg/（m2·h）,施用配比包膜氮肥N₂O排放峰值均低于常规尿素处理.④施用配比包膜氮肥玉米产量高于普通尿素处理,减量配比包膜氮肥不会降低玉米产量.⑤土壤氨挥发总量与施氮量呈显著正相关.施用配比包膜氮肥相比于普通尿素可显著减少土壤氨挥发,减量配施氮肥相比于全量施肥可显著减少土壤氨挥发.因此,施用配比包膜氮肥,可在保证粮食产量的前提下减少氮肥投入,降低氮肥的气态损失,从而降低环境风险.      

Distribution and binding pattern of benzo(a)pyrene in rat liver,lung and kidney constituents after oral administration

Orally administered ³H‐benzo(a)pyrene (BP) was persistent in protein fraction of liver, lung and kidney. The radioactivity in this fraction increased with time after administration and accounted for about 50%, 40% and 65% of total radioactivity in liver, lung and kidney, respectively at 48 hr. The BP metabolites binding proteins were located in cytosol and had molecular weights of 40,000–60,000 and 80,000–100,000 as determined by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. In addition, at 48hr after administration, about 80% of radioactivity in high molecular weight protein fraction was found to be precipitated by trichloroacetic acid treatment.

These results suggest that BP metabolites might be transported by and are persistent in these protein fractions of liver, lung and kidney if the intake of BP is continuous. These proteins, therefore, appeared to be closely related to cell toxicity or mutagenicity in these organs as well as DNA.     

五种表面活性剂对柴油污染土壤清洗效果的比较

研究了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、皂苷(saponin)、月桂醇聚氧乙烯(23)醚(Brij35)、Triton X-100五种表面活性剂对中度柴油污染土壤的清洗效果,考察柴油和土壤混合后在不同时间段的挥发特点,认为污染时长会直接影响表面活性剂清洗修复的效果,增大清洗剂浓度可以提高对新污染土壤的洗脱率,但对老化污染土壤的效果并不明显;对不同含油量的污染土壤清洗,研究污染程度对洗脱率变化的影响,当达到一定含油量后洗脱效果产生突变。不同表面活性剂在相同CMC倍数下清洗能力存在差异,其顺序为SDS>SDBS>Triton X-100>皂苷>Brij35。     

Accumulation of pollutant nitrogen in calcareous and acidic grasslands: Evidence from N flux and 15N tracer studies

Semi-natural calcareous and acidic grasslands are known to be sensitive to increased atmospheric N deposition. However, the fate of pollutant N within these systems is unknown. This paper reports on the first studies to determine the fate of added N within a calcareous and an acidic grassland subject to long-term simulated enhanced N deposition. Intact soil/turf cores were removed from field plots treated for six years with enhanced N deposition (ambient +0, +35 and +140 kg N ha^–1 year^–1). Cores were inserted into lysimeters and output fluxes of N were monitored in detail. Complete N budgets—calculated from the N flux data—showed considerable accumulation of N within the treated grasslands, up to 76% and 38% of pollutant N in the calcareous and acidic grasslands respectively. In the second study, the short-term (21 day) fate of pollutant N was determined by tracing ¹⁵N labelled ammonium nitrate (+35 kg N ha^–1 year^–1) though the acidic and calcareous lysimeters into plant, soil and leachate pools. Up to 91% and 59% of ¹⁵N was recovered in soils and vegetation of the calcareous and acidic grasslands respectively, with negligible amounts recovered in soil extractable ammonium and nitrate (<0.3%) and in leachate (<0.02%). This rapid short-term immobilisation of pollutant N supports the long-term accumulation of the element calculated from the N flux study.     

甲基对硫磷在水-气界面挥发的动力学研究

研究了挥发时间、温度和气流量对农药甲基对硫磷在水-气界面挥发行为的影响.研究结果表明,随着温度升高、气流量增大甲基对硫磷挥发量明显增大,温度和气流量是影响甲基对硫磷挥发的主要因素;挥发时间在0～8 h内甲基对硫磷挥发量的变化较大,8h之后甲基对硫磷的挥发量基本不变化.研究了农药甲基对硫磷在水-气界面的挥发动力学.建立了甲基对硫磷在水-气界面挥发的动力学模型,模型计算所得的预测值与实测值基本吻合,相对误差≤5%,表明可用该动力学模型来预测甲基对硫磷在水-气界面的挥发行为.     

An inhibitor of urease activity effectively reduces ammonia emissions from soil treated with urea under Mediterranean conditions

Urea is an important source of ammonia (NH₃) emissions to the atmosphere from agricultural soils. Abatement strategies are necessary in order to achieve NH₃ emission targets by reducing those emissions. In this context, a field experiment was carried out on a sunflower crop in spring 2006 with the aim of evaluating the effect of the N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) in the mitigation of volatilized NH₃ from a urea-fertilised soil. Ammonia emission was quantified, using the integrated horizontal flux (IHF) method, following application of urea with and without the urease inhibitor NBPT. Urea and a mixture of urea and NBPT (0.14%, w/w) were surface-applied at a rate of 170 kg N ha⁻¹ to circular plots (diameter 40 m). The soil was irrigated with 10 mm of water just after the application of urea to dissolve and incorporate it into the upper layer of soil. Over the duration of the measurement period (36 days) three peaks of NH₃ were observed. The first peak was associated with hydrolysis of urea after irrigation and the others with the increase of ammonia in soil solution after changes in atmospheric variables such as wind speed and rainfall. The total NH₃ emission during the whole experiment was 17.3 ± 0.5 kg NH₃–N ha⁻¹ in the case of urea treated soils and 10.0 ± 2.2 kg NH₃–N ha⁻¹ where NBPT was included with the urea (10.1 and 5.9%, respectively, of the applied urea–N). The lower NH₃ emissions from plots fertilised with urea + NBPT, compared with urea alone, were associated with a reduction in urease activity during the first 9 days after inhibitor application. This reduction in enzymatic activity promoted a decrease in the exchangeable NH₄⁺ pool.     

沈阳市雪与水中对二氯苯的挥发污染行为

应用气相色谱法对对二氯苯(p-DCB)在雪与水中残留动态进行测定,探讨了不同气候下水中p-DCB的挥发污染行为.结果表明,雪与水中p-DCB的挥发速率都相当迅速,并服从一级反应动力学.在自然条件下,雪与水中p-DCB半减期分别为2.32～3.25d和0.76～1.20d.雪与水中p-DCB在投加浓度分别为0.1～100.0μg/g,0.1～100.0μg/mL范围时,投加浓度越高挥发速率越快,挥发半减期越短.     

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮肥的氨挥发

 利用可多点原位测定氨挥发的风洞系统,监测了华北平原2002～2004年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系传统和优化氮肥管理下的氨挥发损失.结果表明,氨挥发主要发生在施肥后2～3周内,以施肥后连续采样15d的氨挥发累积量作为总排放量,相同施氮量下生长季夏玉米的氨挥发大于冬小麦.优化处理的氨挥发平均损失率(35.9%)显著高于传统处理(20.9%),但从氨挥发绝对量上看,传统处理为125.1kgN/hm²,优化处理为42.3kgN/hm²,降幅达66.2%.施肥和灌水方式显著影响氨挥发,撒施碳铵后翻耕的氨挥发损失为10.1%,追肥撒施的氨挥发损失平均为24.6%;撒施尿素后立即灌水,氨挥发损失为19.7%,5h后灌水氨挥发损失为34.0%,增加了72.6%.     

不同地表条件下生物炭对土壤氨挥发的影响

为了探究生物炭对不同地表条件下土壤氨挥发的作用及其效应,通过田间小区试验的方法,探讨生物炭与作物种植覆盖双重影响下,土壤氨的产生、土壤铵态氮含量、土壤脲酶活性的响应性变化.试验设置了6个处理,分别为CK+(未施生物炭+种植作物)、BC0.5+[施用生物炭0.5 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)+种植作物]、BC4.5+[施用生物炭4.5 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)+种植作物]、CK-(未施生物炭+裸地)、BC0.5-[施用生物炭0.5 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)+裸地]、BC4.5-[施用生物炭4.5 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)+裸地].结果表明在作物种植条件下,相对于CK+处理,BC4.5+、BC0.5+处理的土壤氨挥发随时间呈现先增加(前4 d内)后显著下降的态势,降幅分别为9.95%~61.80%、7.97%~50.52%(P0.05);但同期裸地条件下的BC4.5-、BC0.5-处理的土壤氨挥发较CK-处理则增加了40.02%~93.15%、28.09%~57.45%(P0.05).在等量生物炭施用条件下,作物种植土壤的氨挥发量明显低于裸地土壤,BC4.5+、BC0.5+较BC4.5-、BC0.5-处理分别降低了27.10%~92.10%、13.17%~83.45%(P0.05),但是CK+与CK-处理间的土壤氨挥发量差异不显著.上述结果说明作物种植覆盖地表对生物炭介导的土壤氨挥发具有一定的抑制效应.作物种植条件下,BC4.5+、BC0.5+处理较CK+处理的土壤铵态氮和脲酶含量的最大增幅依次为69.25%、72.73%和93.61%、90.56%(P0.05),但同期土壤氨挥发降低;而裸地条件下,BC4.5-、BC0.5-处理的土壤铵态氮和脲酶含量较CK-呈下降趋势明显,最大降幅依次为63.78%、95.70%和78.38%、92.64%(P0.05),同时土壤氨的挥发量上升.可见生物炭影响下的土壤氨挥发不仅与土壤铵态氮和脲酶含量的变化密切相关,且作物种植覆盖地表的影响更为深刻.     

A review on completing arsenic biogeochemical cycle：Microbial volatilization of arsines in environment

Arsenic （As） is ubiquitous in the environment in the carcinogenic inorganic forms, posing risks to human health in many parts of the world. Many microorganisms have evolved a series of mechanisms to cope with inorganic arsenic in their growth media such as transforming As compounds into volatile derivatives. Bio-volatilization of As has been suggested to play an important role in global As biogeochemical cycling, and can also be explored as a potential method for arsenic bioremediation. This review aims to provide an overview of the quality and quantity of As volatilization by fungi, bacteria, microalga and protozoans. Arsenic bio-volatilization is influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors that can be manipulated/elucidated for the purpose of As bioremediation. Since As bio- volatilization is a resurgent topic for both biogeochemistry and environmental health, our review serves as a concept paper for future research directions.