Quantized control settings based tuning of a heaving wave energy converter in irregular seas

The increasing awareness of environmental issues attracts more attention on environmentally friendly energy sources. This leads to increasing research on effective use of renewable energy sources. Among them, wave energy offers a high potential. The wave energy converter systems used for transforming the wave energy into electrical energy have been a main research topic for decades. However, only a few of these systems has been successfully implemented. There seems to be some technical problems one of which is on their control applications. It has been reported that by means of appropriate control implementation, the performance of the wave energy converter system could be improved considerably. In literature, many different control techniques are reported. They appear to be weak due to implementation related restrictions. The present study proposes a novel control technique that is far more practical based on quantization of control settings. Various quantization levels and their effect on system power capture performance are studied. The technique assumes use of realistic off-the-shelf components with realistic features. The proposed method utilizes time-series-analysis technique with online parameter estimation feature. This new method does not require any knowledge of previous or future states of any of the system or sea state parameters, but only the currently available and measurable ones. The approach of the new control technique sets it apart from most of the previously reported ones. Therefore, the proposed technique is not only very much practical but also very much useful in improvement of the system power performance relative to passive techniques.     

浓度波扩散模型在玉米秸秆厌氧干发酵中的应用及验证

将Vavilin的浓度波扩散模型引入到玉米秸秆厌氧干发酵中,使用MATLAB7.0软件运用最小二乘法,计算初始含水量为70%的中温玉米秸秆干发酵过程中Ds、DB和ρm等相关模型系数,并通过不同初始含水量(75%、80%和85%)实验来进行验证,结果表明,所得模型系数在含水量70%~80%时预测效果较好,能较为准确地反映发酵过程中的传质过程。     

Sorption and desorption of lindane by wood charcoal in fixed‐bed reactor

Abstract

Sorption and desorption of lindane (y‐HCH) by wood charcoal (WC) and wood charcoal treated by 1N HNO₃ (WCT) in fixed‐bed reactor (FBR) were investigated in this study. WCT revealed a better performance than WC, in removing lindane in FBR. The breakthrough of lindane was significantly affected by the size of WCT, flow rate to the FBR, and depth of WCT bed. The removal of lindane in the presence of mixture of other pesticides was considerably reduced. The design parameters for FBR were calculated based on the bed‐depth service time (BDST) approach. Many parameters Viz. depth of sorption zone, velocity of sorption, sorbent use rate, critical bed‐depth, bed efficiency, and service time, were determined for design of the fixed‐bed. Using the material balance principle, the characteristics of the wave‐front were evaluated and found that the wave‐front velocity is approximately equal to the sorption velocity determined from the BDST approach. Desorption studies were performed in dilute organic solvent media and they gave an excellent performance in regeneration process.     

电梯结构噪声分析和控制

文中根据民用电梯的一般结构布局,通过对声传播途径分析,得到电梯噪声扰民是受结构噪声影响的结论。通过对电梯系统和电梯与支架组成系统的力平衡分析,得出电梯结构噪声主要是主机支架设计不合理和安装不当产生的。文章提出了结构噪声防治措施,并对结构噪声扰民的多台电梯实施了工程控制措施,均取得了预期的降噪效果。     

变频器故障波形预处理方法研究

电力电子设备在电力系统中的运用越来越广泛,其故障后对电力系统的运行影响也越来越大,从运行设备中提取波形用于诊断其相关故障的诊断方法的研究正在深入开展。由于现场采集波形的数据往往过于庞杂,不利于切中关键的故障特征,在研究用现场录波进行故障诊断前,首先要研究如何对实际采集的波形数据进行简化的方法。本文通过编制C＋＋程序,对故障录波简化过程进行了研究,并通过故障波形不同简化效果的对比说明了提高数据处理效率与减少波形特征损失的结合点的选取。     

Driver and front passenger injury in frontal crashes: Update on the effect of unbelted rear occupants

Purpose: This is a study of the influence of an unbelted rear occupant on the risk of severe injury to the front seat occupant ahead of them in frontal crashes. It provides an update to earlier studies.

Methods: 1997–2015 NASS-CDS data were used to investigate the risk for severe injury (Maximum Abbreviated Injury Score [MAIS] 4+F) to belted drivers and front passengers in frontal crashes by the presence of a belted or unbelted passenger seated directly behind them or without a rear passenger. Frontal crashes were identified with GAD1 = F without rollover (rollover ≤ 0). Front and rear outboard occupants were included without ejection (ejection = 0). Injury severity was defined by MAIS and fatality (F) by TREATMNT = 1 or INJSEV = 4. Weighted data were determined. The risk for MAIS 4+F was determined using the number of occupants with known injury status MAIS 0+F. Standard errors were determined.

Results: The risk for severe injury was 0.803 ± 0.263% for the driver with an unbelted left rear occupant and 0.100 ± 0.039% with a belted left rear occupant. The driver's risk was thus 8.01 times greater with an unbelted rear occupant than with a belted occupant (P <.001). With an unbelted right rear occupant behind the front passenger, the risk for severe injury was 0.277 ± 0.091% for the front passenger. The corresponding risk was 0.165 ± 0.075% when the right rear occupant was belted. The front passenger's risk was 1.68 times greater with an unbelted rear occupant behind them than a belted occupant (P <.001). The driver's risk for MAIS 4+F was highest when their seat was deformed forward. The risk was 9.94 times greater with an unbelted rear occupant than with a belted rear occupant when the driver's seat deformed forward. It was 13.4 ± 12.2% with an unbelted occupant behind them and 1.35 ± 0.95% with a belted occupant behind them.

Conclusions: Consistent with prior literature, seat belt use by a rear occupant significantly lowered the risk for severe injury to belted occupants seated in front of them. The reduction was greater for drivers than for front passengers. It was 87.5% for the driver and 40.6% for the front passenger. These results emphasize the need for belt reminders in all seating positions.     

城市环境中加油站燃爆灾害的安全评估探讨

为了准确计算城市环境中加油站的安全距离并进行安全评估,针对城市中一级加油站蒸汽云爆炸灾害效应开展分析,基于TNT当量法和Roberts点源模型,计算距离加油站不同距离上的爆炸波超压和火球热辐射通量。依据相应的伤害准则,系统评估了灾害效应,并与已有试验数据和规范进行对比验证和分析。研究结果表明,城市一级加油站的爆炸安全距离为37 m,热辐射安全距离为52 m。     

大质量熔融铝液遇水爆炸效应评估

为揭示蒸汽爆炸灾害形成机制,建立了大质量熔融铝液遇水自触发爆炸反应模拟装置。根据反应特征和破坏程度,熔融铝液遇水爆炸反应可分为柔和爆炸、剧烈爆炸与猛烈爆炸等3种类型;基于爆炸相似准则,定量化描述了爆炸反应的冲击波破坏效应;热效应则来自冲击波绝热压缩和产物热交换耦合作用;从热力学角度来看,铝液与容器底面夹裹形成过热亚稳态水,可认为是爆炸反应的触发源。     

突出冲击波对防突风门的破坏失效研究*

为了分析煤与瓦斯突出事故中防突风门的安全性,同时降低成本寻求对现有防突风门材料和结构的替代方案,研究不同厚度的Q460钢制防突风门在突出冲击波载荷下的破坏情况。基于能量法得到不同厚度的风门最大挠度数学模型,再根据煤炭行业规定中的对应数据和安全要求,运用LS-DYNA软件对冲击载荷下的风门破坏进行数值模拟,得到Q460钢制防突风门的静力学特征并与能量法结果进行比对。结果表明:长宽分别为1.75 m和1.8 m,厚度为25 mm和30 mm的风门在0.6 MPa的冲击波超压作用下能满足安全要求,能量法计算结果与数值模拟误差在9%以内,基于安全设计余量可以接受;提出挠厚比概念,当挠厚比小于0.84时,风门不会被破坏,在使用Q460钢设计防突风门时,应尽量确保该值小于0.84。     

高压管汇磁致伸缩导波缺陷检测模拟研究

针对高压管汇导波缺陷检测问题,基于磁致伸缩效应,借助COMSOL有限元仿真软件,建立高压管汇直管段的导波缺陷检测模型,探究导波的激励条件及缺陷检测效果,分析不同参数对缺陷附近磁感应强度分布的影响。研究结果表明:在频率为10 kHz的正弦电流信号激励下,可产生沿管道轴向传播的T（0,1）模态导波,并能辨别缺陷处的回波信号。改变缺陷的尺寸参数时,缺陷附近的磁感应强度随着缺陷深度增加呈增大趋势,随轴向宽度增加呈减小趋势,不同形状的缺陷对应的磁感应强度存在一定的差异;改变激励条件,磁感应强度均随激励电流、激励频率的增加呈不断增加趋势。